Started following some tutorial on att85 usi. Downloaded example code from make avr book.

Make AVR Examples/AVR-Programming-Library/.gitignore

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+binaryMacroDemo.c
+

Make AVR Examples/AVR-Programming-Library/Makefile

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+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/AVR-Programming-Library/README.md

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+AVR-Programming-Library
+=======================
+
+Files that are re-used throughout the book *Make: AVR Programming*
+
+* **pinDefines.h**
+	Includes all of the pin definitions for the projects in *Make: AVR Programming*.  When you
+	need to know what to hook up where, have a look here.
+
+* **USART.c** and **USART.h**
+	These are the main utility files used for serial input/output in the book.  They're not
+	particularly clever, but they have a tiny memory and resource footprint and get you
+	up and running very quickly.
+
+* **binaryMacro.h**
+	If you're using a compiler other than a recent AVR-GCC, it may not support
+	native binary digits (e.g. 0b00111010).  If so, this include file has a pre-processor
+	macro that will let you enter them similarly: B8(01010101).  
+
+* **macros.h**
+	This file includes pre-processor macro definitions for bit-twiddling: 
+	set_bit, clear_bit, and toggle_bit.  Useful for those days when you're feeling
+	lazy, or have forgotten your bit-wise logic operations.
+
+* **portpins.h**
+	This is a recent version of the portpins.h file included with the Arduino environment.
+	It includes the AVR pin definitions of the form PB1 and similar.  The version included
+	with Arduino is very old -- you'll want to replace it with this one if you want to write
+	in C using the Arduino IDE. Or you can include this file directly in your code.
+

Make AVR Examples/AVR-Programming-Library/USART.c

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+
+/*
+  Quick and dirty functions that make serial communications work.
+
+  Note that receiveByte() blocks -- it sits and waits _forever_ for
+   a byte to come in.  If you're doing anything that's more interesting,
+   you'll want to implement this with interrupts.
+
+   initUSART requires BAUDRATE to be defined in order to calculate
+     the bit-rate multiplier.  9600 is a reasonable default.
+
+  May not work with some of the older chips:
+    Tiny2313, Mega8, Mega16, Mega32 have different pin macros
+    If you're using these chips, see (e.g.) iom8.h for how it's done.
+    These old chips don't specify UDR0 vs UDR1.
+    Correspondingly, the macros will just be defined as UDR.
+*/
+
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include "USART.h"
+#include <util/setbaud.h>
+
+void initUSART(void) {                                /* requires BAUD */
+  UBRR0H = UBRRH_VALUE;                        /* defined in setbaud.h */
+  UBRR0L = UBRRL_VALUE;
+#if USE_2X
+  UCSR0A |= (1 << U2X0);
+#else
+  UCSR0A &= ~(1 << U2X0);
+#endif
+                                  /* Enable USART transmitter/receiver */
+  UCSR0B = (1 << TXEN0) | (1 << RXEN0);
+  UCSR0C = (1 << UCSZ01) | (1 << UCSZ00);   /* 8 data bits, 1 stop bit */
+}
+
+
+void transmitByte(uint8_t data) {
+                                     /* Wait for empty transmit buffer */
+  loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSR0A, UDRE0);
+  UDR0 = data;                                            /* send data */
+}
+
+uint8_t receiveByte(void) {
+  loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSR0A, RXC0);       /* Wait for incoming data */
+  return UDR0;                                /* return register value */
+}
+
+
+                       /* Here are a bunch of useful printing commands */
+
+void printString(const char myString[]) {
+  uint8_t i = 0;
+  while (myString[i]) {
+    transmitByte(myString[i]);
+    i++;
+  }
+}
+
+void readString(char myString[], uint8_t maxLength) {
+  char response;
+  uint8_t i;
+  i = 0;
+  while (i < (maxLength - 1)) {                   /* prevent over-runs */
+    response = receiveByte();
+    transmitByte(response);                                    /* echo */
+    if (response == '\r') {                     /* enter marks the end */
+      break;
+    }
+    else {
+      myString[i] = response;                       /* add in a letter */
+      i++;
+    }
+  }
+  myString[i] = 0;                          /* terminal NULL character */
+}
+
+void printByte(uint8_t byte) {
+              /* Converts a byte to a string of decimal text, sends it */
+  transmitByte('0' + (byte / 100));                        /* Hundreds */
+  transmitByte('0' + ((byte / 10) % 10));                      /* Tens */
+  transmitByte('0' + (byte % 10));                             /* Ones */
+}
+
+void printWord(uint16_t word) {
+  transmitByte('0' + (word / 10000));                 /* Ten-thousands */
+  transmitByte('0' + ((word / 1000) % 10));               /* Thousands */
+  transmitByte('0' + ((word / 100) % 10));                 /* Hundreds */
+  transmitByte('0' + ((word / 10) % 10));                      /* Tens */
+  transmitByte('0' + (word % 10));                             /* Ones */
+}
+
+void printBinaryByte(uint8_t byte) {
+                       /* Prints out a byte as a series of 1's and 0's */
+  uint8_t bit;
+  for (bit = 7; bit < 255; bit--) {
+    if (bit_is_set(byte, bit))
+      transmitByte('1');
+    else
+      transmitByte('0');
+  }
+}
+
+char nibbleToHexCharacter(uint8_t nibble) {
+                                   /* Converts 4 bits into hexadecimal */
+  if (nibble < 10) {
+    return ('0' + nibble);
+  }
+  else {
+    return ('A' + nibble - 10);
+  }
+}
+
+void printHexByte(uint8_t byte) {
+                        /* Prints a byte as its hexadecimal equivalent */
+  uint8_t nibble;
+  nibble = (byte & 0b11110000) >> 4;
+  transmitByte(nibbleToHexCharacter(nibble));
+  nibble = byte & 0b00001111;
+  transmitByte(nibbleToHexCharacter(nibble));
+}
+
+uint8_t getNumber(void) {
+  // Gets a numerical 0-255 from the serial port.
+  // Converts from string to number.
+  char hundreds = '0';
+  char tens = '0';
+  char ones = '0';
+  char thisChar = '0';
+  do {                                                   /* shift over */
+    hundreds = tens;
+    tens = ones;
+    ones = thisChar;
+    thisChar = receiveByte();                   /* get a new character */
+    transmitByte(thisChar);                                    /* echo */
+  } while (thisChar != '\r');                     /* until type return */
+  return (100 * (hundreds - '0') + 10 * (tens - '0') + ones - '0');
+}

Make AVR Examples/AVR-Programming-Library/USART.h

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+/* Functions to initialize, send, receive over USART
+
+   initUSART requires BAUD to be defined in order to calculate
+     the bit-rate multiplier.
+ */
+
+#ifndef BAUD                          /* if not defined in Makefile... */
+#define BAUD  9600                     /* set a safe default baud rate */
+#endif
+
+                                  /* These are defined for convenience */
+#define   USART_HAS_DATA   bit_is_set(UCSR0A, RXC0)
+#define   USART_READY      bit_is_set(UCSR0A, UDRE0)
+
+/* Takes the defined BAUD and F_CPU,
+   calculates the bit-clock multiplier,
+   and configures the hardware USART                   */
+void initUSART(void);
+
+/* Blocking transmit and receive functions.
+   When you call receiveByte() your program will hang until
+   data comes through.  We'll improve on this later. */
+void transmitByte(uint8_t data);
+uint8_t receiveByte(void);
+
+void printString(const char myString[]);
+             /* Utility function to transmit an entire string from RAM */
+void readString(char myString[], uint8_t maxLength);
+/* Define a string variable, pass it to this function
+   The string will contain whatever you typed over serial */
+
+void printByte(uint8_t byte);
+                  /* Prints a byte out as its 3-digit ascii equivalent */
+void printWord(uint16_t word);
+        /* Prints a word (16-bits) out as its 5-digit ascii equivalent */
+
+void printBinaryByte(uint8_t byte);
+                                     /* Prints a byte out in 1s and 0s */
+char nibbleToHex(uint8_t nibble);
+char nibbleToHexCharacter(uint8_t nibble);
+void printHexByte(uint8_t byte);
+                                   /* Prints a byte out in hexadecimal */
+uint8_t getNumber(void);
+/* takes in up to three ascii digits,
+ converts them to a byte when press enter */

Make AVR Examples/AVR-Programming-Library/binaryMacro.h

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+/* Binary constant generator macro
+By Tom Torfs - donated to the public domain
+*/
+
+/* All macro's evaluate to compile-time constants */
+
+/* *** helper macros *** /
+
+/* turn a numeric literal into a hex constant
+(avoids problems with leading zeroes)
+8-bit constants max value 0x11111111, always fits in unsigned long
+*/
+#define HEX__(n) 0x##n##LU
+
+/* 8-bit conversion function */
+#define B8__(x) ((x&0x0000000FLU)?1:0)	\
++((x&0x000000F0LU)?2:0)	\
++((x&0x00000F00LU)?4:0)	\
++((x&0x0000F000LU)?8:0)	\
++((x&0x000F0000LU)?16:0)	\
++((x&0x00F00000LU)?32:0)	\
++((x&0x0F000000LU)?64:0)	\
++((x&0xF0000000LU)?128:0)
+
+/* *** user macros *** /
+
+/* for upto 8-bit binary constants */
+#define B8(d) ((unsigned char)B8__(HEX__(d)))
+
+/* for upto 16-bit binary constants, MSB first */
+#define B16(dmsb,dlsb) (((unsigned short)B8(dmsb)<<8)	\
++ B8(dlsb))
+
+/* for upto 32-bit binary constants, MSB first */
+#define B32(dmsb,db2,db3,dlsb) (((unsigned long)B8(dmsb)<<24)	 \
++ ((unsigned long)B8(db2)<<16) \
++ ((unsigned long)B8(db3)<<8)	 \
++ B8(dlsb))
+
+/* Sample usage:
+B8(01010101) = 85
+B16(10101010,01010101) = 43605
+B32(10000000,11111111,10101010,01010101) = 2164238933
+*/
+

Make AVR Examples/AVR-Programming-Library/macros.h

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+
+/* Standard Macros */
+/* You can totally get by without these, but why? */
+
+/* Make sure we've already got io / sfr / pindefs loaded */
+#ifndef   _AVR_IO_H_
+#include  <avr/io.h>
+#endif
+
+/* Reminder: the following useful bit-twiddling macros are
+   always included in avr/sfr_defs.h, which is called from
+   avr/io.h 
+
+ bit_is_set(sfr, bit)
+ bit_is_clear(sfr, bit)
+ loop_until_bit_is_set(sfr, bit)
+ loop_until_bit_is_clear(sfr, bit)
+
+*/
+
+/* Define up the full complement of bit-twiddling macros */
+#define BV(bit)               (1 << bit)
+#define set_bit(sfr, bit)     (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) |= BV(bit))  // old sbi()
+#define clear_bit(sfr, bit)   (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) &= ~BV(bit)) // old cbi()
+#define toggle_bit(sfr, bit)  (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) ^= BV(bit))  
+

Make AVR Examples/AVR-Programming-Library/pinDefines.h

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+// ---------------
+//   Pin Defines
+// ---------------
+
+#define LED_PORT                PORTB
+#define LED_PIN                 PINB
+#define LED_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define LED0                    PB0
+#define LED1                    PB1
+#define LED2                    PB2
+#define LED3                    PB3
+#define LED4                    PB4
+#define LED5                    PB5
+#define LED6                    PB6
+#define LED7                    PB7
+
+#define BUTTON_PORT             PORTD
+#define BUTTON_PIN              PIND
+#define BUTTON_DDR              DDRD
+
+#define BUTTON                  PD2
+#define BUTTON2                 PD3
+#define BUTTON3                 PD4
+
+#define SPEAKER                 PD6                            /* OC0A */
+#define SPEAKER_PORT            PORTD
+#define SPEAKER_PIN             PIND
+#define SPEAKER_DDR             DDRD
+
+#define ANTENNA                 PD5                            /* OC0B */
+#define ANTENNA_PORT            PORTD
+#define ANTENNA_PIN             PIND
+#define ANTENNA_DDR             DDRD
+
+#define MODULATION              PD3                            /* OC2B */
+#define MODULATION_PORT         PORTD
+#define MODULATION_PIN          PIND
+#define MODULATION_DDR          DDRD
+
+#define LIGHT_SENSOR            PC0                            /* ADC0 */
+#define LIGHT_SENSOR_PORT       PORTC
+#define LIGHT_SENSOR_PIN        PINC
+#define LIGHT_SENSOR_DDR        DDRC
+
+#define CAP_SENSOR              PC1                            /* ADC1 */
+#define CAP_SENSOR_PORT         PORTC
+#define CAP_SENSOR_PIN          PINC
+#define CAP_SENSOR_DDR          DDRC
+
+#define PIEZO                   PC2                            /* ADC2 */
+#define PIEZO_PORT              PORTC
+#define PIEZO_PIN               PINC
+#define PIEZO_DDR               DDRC
+
+#define POT                     PC3                            /* ADC3 */
+#define POT_PORT                PORTC
+#define POT_PIN                 PINC
+#define POT_DDR                 DDRC
+
+//  SPI and I2C serial mode defines
+
+#define SPI_SS                     PB2
+#define SPI_SS_PORT                PORTB
+#define SPI_SS_PIN                 PINB
+#define SPI_SS_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define SPI_MOSI                     PB3
+#define SPI_MOSI_PORT                PORTB
+#define SPI_MOSI_PIN                 PINB
+#define SPI_MOSI_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define SPI_MISO                     PB4
+#define SPI_MISO_PORT                PORTB
+#define SPI_MISO_PIN                 PINB
+#define SPI_MISO_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define SPI_SCK                     PB5
+#define SPI_SCK_PORT                PORTB
+#define SPI_SCK_PIN                 PINB
+#define SPI_SCK_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define I2C_SDA                     PC4
+#define I2C_SDA_PORT                PORTC
+#define I2C_SDA_PIN                 PINC
+#define I2C_SDA_DDR                 DDRC
+
+#define I2C_SCL                     PC5
+#define I2C_SCL_PORT                PORTC
+#define I2C_SCL_PIN                 PINC
+#define I2C_SCL_DDR                 DDRC

Make AVR Examples/AVR-Programming-Library/portpins.h

@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 2003  Theodore A. Roth
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+     the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+     distribution.
+
+   * Neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of
+     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+     from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+  AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+  IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+  ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+  LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+  CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+  SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+  INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+  CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+  ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+  POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */
+
+/* $Id: portpins.h 1936 2009-03-19 22:19:26Z arcanum $ */
+
+#ifndef _AVR_PORTPINS_H_
+#define _AVR_PORTPINS_H_ 1
+
+/* This file should only be included from <avr/io.h>, never directly. */
+
+#ifndef _AVR_IO_H_
+#  error "Include <avr/io.h> instead of this file."
+#endif
+
+/* Define Generic PORTn, DDn, and PINn values. */
+
+/* Port Data Register (generic) */
+#define    PORT7        7
+#define    PORT6        6
+#define    PORT5        5
+#define    PORT4        4
+#define    PORT3        3
+#define    PORT2        2
+#define    PORT1        1
+#define    PORT0        0
+
+/* Port Data Direction Register (generic) */
+#define    DD7          7
+#define    DD6          6
+#define    DD5          5
+#define    DD4          4
+#define    DD3          3
+#define    DD2          2
+#define    DD1          1
+#define    DD0          0
+
+/* Port Input Pins (generic) */
+#define    PIN7         7
+#define    PIN6         6
+#define    PIN5         5
+#define    PIN4         4
+#define    PIN3         3
+#define    PIN2         2
+#define    PIN1         1
+#define    PIN0         0
+
+/* Define PORTxn an Pxn values for all possible port pins if not defined already by io.h. */
+
+/* PORT A */
+
+#if defined(PA0) && !defined(PORTA0)
+#  define PORTA0 PA0
+#elif defined(PORTA0) && !defined(PA0)
+#  define PA0 PORTA0
+#endif
+#if defined(PA1) && !defined(PORTA1)
+#  define PORTA1 PA1
+#elif defined(PORTA1) && !defined(PA1)
+#  define PA1 PORTA1
+#endif
+#if defined(PA2) && !defined(PORTA2)
+#  define PORTA2 PA2
+#elif defined(PORTA2) && !defined(PA2)
+#  define PA2 PORTA2
+#endif
+#if defined(PA3) && !defined(PORTA3)
+#  define PORTA3 PA3
+#elif defined(PORTA3) && !defined(PA3)
+#  define PA3 PORTA3
+#endif
+#if defined(PA4) && !defined(PORTA4)
+#  define PORTA4 PA4
+#elif defined(PORTA4) && !defined(PA4)
+#  define PA4 PORTA4
+#endif
+#if defined(PA5) && !defined(PORTA5)
+#  define PORTA5 PA5
+#elif defined(PORTA5) && !defined(PA5)
+#  define PA5 PORTA5
+#endif
+#if defined(PA6) && !defined(PORTA6)
+#  define PORTA6 PA6
+#elif defined(PORTA6) && !defined(PA6)
+#  define PA6 PORTA6
+#endif
+#if defined(PA7) && !defined(PORTA7)
+#  define PORTA7 PA7
+#elif defined(PORTA7) && !defined(PA7)
+#  define PA7 PORTA7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT B */
+
+#if defined(PB0) && !defined(PORTB0)
+#  define PORTB0 PB0
+#elif defined(PORTB0) && !defined(PB0)
+#  define PB0 PORTB0
+#endif
+#if defined(PB1) && !defined(PORTB1)
+#  define PORTB1 PB1
+#elif defined(PORTB1) && !defined(PB1)
+#  define PB1 PORTB1
+#endif
+#if defined(PB2) && !defined(PORTB2)
+#  define PORTB2 PB2
+#elif defined(PORTB2) && !defined(PB2)
+#  define PB2 PORTB2
+#endif
+#if defined(PB3) && !defined(PORTB3)
+#  define PORTB3 PB3
+#elif defined(PORTB3) && !defined(PB3)
+#  define PB3 PORTB3
+#endif
+#if defined(PB4) && !defined(PORTB4)
+#  define PORTB4 PB4
+#elif defined(PORTB4) && !defined(PB4)
+#  define PB4 PORTB4
+#endif
+#if defined(PB5) && !defined(PORTB5)
+#  define PORTB5 PB5
+#elif defined(PORTB5) && !defined(PB5)
+#  define PB5 PORTB5
+#endif
+#if defined(PB6) && !defined(PORTB6)
+#  define PORTB6 PB6
+#elif defined(PORTB6) && !defined(PB6)
+#  define PB6 PORTB6
+#endif
+#if defined(PB7) && !defined(PORTB7)
+#  define PORTB7 PB7
+#elif defined(PORTB7) && !defined(PB7)
+#  define PB7 PORTB7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT C */
+
+#if defined(PC0) && !defined(PORTC0)
+#  define PORTC0 PC0
+#elif defined(PORTC0) && !defined(PC0)
+#  define PC0 PORTC0
+#endif
+#if defined(PC1) && !defined(PORTC1)
+#  define PORTC1 PC1
+#elif defined(PORTC1) && !defined(PC1)
+#  define PC1 PORTC1
+#endif
+#if defined(PC2) && !defined(PORTC2)
+#  define PORTC2 PC2
+#elif defined(PORTC2) && !defined(PC2)
+#  define PC2 PORTC2
+#endif
+#if defined(PC3) && !defined(PORTC3)
+#  define PORTC3 PC3
+#elif defined(PORTC3) && !defined(PC3)
+#  define PC3 PORTC3
+#endif
+#if defined(PC4) && !defined(PORTC4)
+#  define PORTC4 PC4
+#elif defined(PORTC4) && !defined(PC4)
+#  define PC4 PORTC4
+#endif
+#if defined(PC5) && !defined(PORTC5)
+#  define PORTC5 PC5
+#elif defined(PORTC5) && !defined(PC5)
+#  define PC5 PORTC5
+#endif
+#if defined(PC6) && !defined(PORTC6)
+#  define PORTC6 PC6
+#elif defined(PORTC6) && !defined(PC6)
+#  define PC6 PORTC6
+#endif
+#if defined(PC7) && !defined(PORTC7)
+#  define PORTC7 PC7
+#elif defined(PORTC7) && !defined(PC7)
+#  define PC7 PORTC7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT D */
+
+#if defined(PD0) && !defined(PORTD0)
+#  define PORTD0 PD0
+#elif defined(PORTD0) && !defined(PD0)
+#  define PD0 PORTD0
+#endif
+#if defined(PD1) && !defined(PORTD1)
+#  define PORTD1 PD1
+#elif defined(PORTD1) && !defined(PD1)
+#  define PD1 PORTD1
+#endif
+#if defined(PD2) && !defined(PORTD2)
+#  define PORTD2 PD2
+#elif defined(PORTD2) && !defined(PD2)
+#  define PD2 PORTD2
+#endif
+#if defined(PD3) && !defined(PORTD3)
+#  define PORTD3 PD3
+#elif defined(PORTD3) && !defined(PD3)
+#  define PD3 PORTD3
+#endif
+#if defined(PD4) && !defined(PORTD4)
+#  define PORTD4 PD4
+#elif defined(PORTD4) && !defined(PD4)
+#  define PD4 PORTD4
+#endif
+#if defined(PD5) && !defined(PORTD5)
+#  define PORTD5 PD5
+#elif defined(PORTD5) && !defined(PD5)
+#  define PD5 PORTD5
+#endif
+#if defined(PD6) && !defined(PORTD6)
+#  define PORTD6 PD6
+#elif defined(PORTD6) && !defined(PD6)
+#  define PD6 PORTD6
+#endif
+#if defined(PD7) && !defined(PORTD7)
+#  define PORTD7 PD7
+#elif defined(PORTD7) && !defined(PD7)
+#  define PD7 PORTD7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT E */
+
+#if defined(PE0) && !defined(PORTE0)
+#  define PORTE0 PE0
+#elif defined(PORTE0) && !defined(PE0)
+#  define PE0 PORTE0
+#endif
+#if defined(PE1) && !defined(PORTE1)
+#  define PORTE1 PE1
+#elif defined(PORTE1) && !defined(PE1)
+#  define PE1 PORTE1
+#endif
+#if defined(PE2) && !defined(PORTE2)
+#  define PORTE2 PE2
+#elif defined(PORTE2) && !defined(PE2)
+#  define PE2 PORTE2
+#endif
+#if defined(PE3) && !defined(PORTE3)
+#  define PORTE3 PE3
+#elif defined(PORTE3) && !defined(PE3)
+#  define PE3 PORTE3
+#endif
+#if defined(PE4) && !defined(PORTE4)
+#  define PORTE4 PE4
+#elif defined(PORTE4) && !defined(PE4)
+#  define PE4 PORTE4
+#endif
+#if defined(PE5) && !defined(PORTE5)
+#  define PORTE5 PE5
+#elif defined(PORTE5) && !defined(PE5)
+#  define PE5 PORTE5
+#endif
+#if defined(PE6) && !defined(PORTE6)
+#  define PORTE6 PE6
+#elif defined(PORTE6) && !defined(PE6)
+#  define PE6 PORTE6
+#endif
+#if defined(PE7) && !defined(PORTE7)
+#  define PORTE7 PE7
+#elif defined(PORTE7) && !defined(PE7)
+#  define PE7 PORTE7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT F */
+
+#if defined(PF0) && !defined(PORTF0)
+#  define PORTF0 PF0
+#elif defined(PORTF0) && !defined(PF0)
+#  define PF0 PORTF0
+#endif
+#if defined(PF1) && !defined(PORTF1)
+#  define PORTF1 PF1
+#elif defined(PORTF1) && !defined(PF1)
+#  define PF1 PORTF1
+#endif
+#if defined(PF2) && !defined(PORTF2)
+#  define PORTF2 PF2
+#elif defined(PORTF2) && !defined(PF2)
+#  define PF2 PORTF2
+#endif
+#if defined(PF3) && !defined(PORTF3)
+#  define PORTF3 PF3
+#elif defined(PORTF3) && !defined(PF3)
+#  define PF3 PORTF3
+#endif
+#if defined(PF4) && !defined(PORTF4)
+#  define PORTF4 PF4
+#elif defined(PORTF4) && !defined(PF4)
+#  define PF4 PORTF4
+#endif
+#if defined(PF5) && !defined(PORTF5)
+#  define PORTF5 PF5
+#elif defined(PORTF5) && !defined(PF5)
+#  define PF5 PORTF5
+#endif
+#if defined(PF6) && !defined(PORTF6)
+#  define PORTF6 PF6
+#elif defined(PORTF6) && !defined(PF6)
+#  define PF6 PORTF6
+#endif
+#if defined(PF7) && !defined(PORTF7)
+#  define PORTF7 PF7
+#elif defined(PORTF7) && !defined(PF7)
+#  define PF7 PORTF7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT G */
+
+#if defined(PG0) && !defined(PORTG0)
+#  define PORTG0 PG0
+#elif defined(PORTG0) && !defined(PG0)
+#  define PG0 PORTG0
+#endif
+#if defined(PG1) && !defined(PORTG1)
+#  define PORTG1 PG1
+#elif defined(PORTG1) && !defined(PG1)
+#  define PG1 PORTG1
+#endif
+#if defined(PG2) && !defined(PORTG2)
+#  define PORTG2 PG2
+#elif defined(PORTG2) && !defined(PG2)
+#  define PG2 PORTG2
+#endif
+#if defined(PG3) && !defined(PORTG3)
+#  define PORTG3 PG3
+#elif defined(PORTG3) && !defined(PG3)
+#  define PG3 PORTG3
+#endif
+#if defined(PG4) && !defined(PORTG4)
+#  define PORTG4 PG4
+#elif defined(PORTG4) && !defined(PG4)
+#  define PG4 PORTG4
+#endif
+#if defined(PG5) && !defined(PORTG5)
+#  define PORTG5 PG5
+#elif defined(PORTG5) && !defined(PG5)
+#  define PG5 PORTG5
+#endif
+#if defined(PG6) && !defined(PORTG6)
+#  define PORTG6 PG6
+#elif defined(PORTG6) && !defined(PG6)
+#  define PG6 PORTG6
+#endif
+#if defined(PG7) && !defined(PORTG7)
+#  define PORTG7 PG7
+#elif defined(PORTG7) && !defined(PG7)
+#  define PG7 PORTG7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT H */
+
+#if defined(PH0) && !defined(PORTH0)
+#  define PORTH0 PH0
+#elif defined(PORTH0) && !defined(PH0)
+#  define PH0 PORTH0
+#endif
+#if defined(PH1) && !defined(PORTH1)
+#  define PORTH1 PH1
+#elif defined(PORTH1) && !defined(PH1)
+#  define PH1 PORTH1
+#endif
+#if defined(PH2) && !defined(PORTH2)
+#  define PORTH2 PH2
+#elif defined(PORTH2) && !defined(PH2)
+#  define PH2 PORTH2
+#endif
+#if defined(PH3) && !defined(PORTH3)
+#  define PORTH3 PH3
+#elif defined(PORTH3) && !defined(PH3)
+#  define PH3 PORTH3
+#endif
+#if defined(PH4) && !defined(PORTH4)
+#  define PORTH4 PH4
+#elif defined(PORTH4) && !defined(PH4)
+#  define PH4 PORTH4
+#endif
+#if defined(PH5) && !defined(PORTH5)
+#  define PORTH5 PH5
+#elif defined(PORTH5) && !defined(PH5)
+#  define PH5 PORTH5
+#endif
+#if defined(PH6) && !defined(PORTH6)
+#  define PORTH6 PH6
+#elif defined(PORTH6) && !defined(PH6)
+#  define PH6 PORTH6
+#endif
+#if defined(PH7) && !defined(PORTH7)
+#  define PORTH7 PH7
+#elif defined(PORTH7) && !defined(PH7)
+#  define PH7 PORTH7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT J */
+
+#if defined(PJ0) && !defined(PORTJ0)
+#  define PORTJ0 PJ0
+#elif defined(PORTJ0) && !defined(PJ0)
+#  define PJ0 PORTJ0
+#endif
+#if defined(PJ1) && !defined(PORTJ1)
+#  define PORTJ1 PJ1
+#elif defined(PORTJ1) && !defined(PJ1)
+#  define PJ1 PORTJ1
+#endif
+#if defined(PJ2) && !defined(PORTJ2)
+#  define PORTJ2 PJ2
+#elif defined(PORTJ2) && !defined(PJ2)
+#  define PJ2 PORTJ2
+#endif
+#if defined(PJ3) && !defined(PORTJ3)
+#  define PORTJ3 PJ3
+#elif defined(PORTJ3) && !defined(PJ3)
+#  define PJ3 PORTJ3
+#endif
+#if defined(PJ4) && !defined(PORTJ4)
+#  define PORTJ4 PJ4
+#elif defined(PORTJ4) && !defined(PJ4)
+#  define PJ4 PORTJ4
+#endif
+#if defined(PJ5) && !defined(PORTJ5)
+#  define PORTJ5 PJ5
+#elif defined(PORTJ5) && !defined(PJ5)
+#  define PJ5 PORTJ5
+#endif
+#if defined(PJ6) && !defined(PORTJ6)
+#  define PORTJ6 PJ6
+#elif defined(PORTJ6) && !defined(PJ6)
+#  define PJ6 PORTJ6
+#endif
+#if defined(PJ7) && !defined(PORTJ7)
+#  define PORTJ7 PJ7
+#elif defined(PORTJ7) && !defined(PJ7)
+#  define PJ7 PORTJ7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT K */
+
+#if defined(PK0) && !defined(PORTK0)
+#  define PORTK0 PK0
+#elif defined(PORTK0) && !defined(PK0)
+#  define PK0 PORTK0
+#endif
+#if defined(PK1) && !defined(PORTK1)
+#  define PORTK1 PK1
+#elif defined(PORTK1) && !defined(PK1)
+#  define PK1 PORTK1
+#endif
+#if defined(PK2) && !defined(PORTK2)
+#  define PORTK2 PK2
+#elif defined(PORTK2) && !defined(PK2)
+#  define PK2 PORTK2
+#endif
+#if defined(PK3) && !defined(PORTK3)
+#  define PORTK3 PK3
+#elif defined(PORTK3) && !defined(PK3)
+#  define PK3 PORTK3
+#endif
+#if defined(PK4) && !defined(PORTK4)
+#  define PORTK4 PK4
+#elif defined(PORTK4) && !defined(PK4)
+#  define PK4 PORTK4
+#endif
+#if defined(PK5) && !defined(PORTK5)
+#  define PORTK5 PK5
+#elif defined(PORTK5) && !defined(PK5)
+#  define PK5 PORTK5
+#endif
+#if defined(PK6) && !defined(PORTK6)
+#  define PORTK6 PK6
+#elif defined(PORTK6) && !defined(PK6)
+#  define PK6 PORTK6
+#endif
+#if defined(PK7) && !defined(PORTK7)
+#  define PORTK7 PK7
+#elif defined(PORTK7) && !defined(PK7)
+#  define PK7 PORTK7
+#endif
+
+/* PORT L */
+
+#if defined(PL0) && !defined(PORTL0)
+#  define PORTL0 PL0
+#elif defined(PORTL0) && !defined(PL0)
+#  define PL0 PORTL0
+#endif
+#if defined(PL1) && !defined(PORTL1)
+#  define PORTL1 PL1
+#elif defined(PORTL1) && !defined(PL1)
+#  define PL1 PORTL1
+#endif
+#if defined(PL2) && !defined(PORTL2)
+#  define PORTL2 PL2
+#elif defined(PORTL2) && !defined(PL2)
+#  define PL2 PORTL2
+#endif
+#if defined(PL3) && !defined(PORTL3)
+#  define PORTL3 PL3
+#elif defined(PORTL3) && !defined(PL3)
+#  define PL3 PORTL3
+#endif
+#if defined(PL4) && !defined(PORTL4)
+#  define PORTL4 PL4
+#elif defined(PORTL4) && !defined(PL4)
+#  define PL4 PORTL4
+#endif
+#if defined(PL5) && !defined(PORTL5)
+#  define PORTL5 PL5
+#elif defined(PORTL5) && !defined(PL5)
+#  define PL5 PORTL5
+#endif
+#if defined(PL6) && !defined(PORTL6)
+#  define PORTL6 PL6
+#elif defined(PORTL6) && !defined(PL6)
+#  define PL6 PORTL6
+#endif
+#if defined(PL7) && !defined(PORTL7)
+#  define PORTL7 PL7
+#elif defined(PORTL7) && !defined(PL7)
+#  define PL7 PORTL7
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _AVR_PORTPINS_H_ */

Make AVR Examples/Chapter02_Programming-AVRs/blinkLED/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter02_Programming-AVRs/blinkLED/blinkLED.c

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+                                                       /* Blinker Demo */
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  DDRB |= 0b00000001;            /* Data Direction Register B:
+                                   writing a one to the bit
+                                   enables output. */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    PORTB = 0b00000001;          /* Turn on first LED bit/pin in PORTB */
+    _delay_ms(1000);                                           /* wait */
+
+    PORTB = 0b00000000;          /* Turn off all B pins, including LED */
+    _delay_ms(1000);                                           /* wait */
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter02_Programming-AVRs/blinkLED_AVR_style/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter02_Programming-AVRs/blinkLED_AVR_style/blinkLED_AVRStyle.c

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+                                                    /* Blinker Demo II */
+
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+
+#define LED      PB0
+#define LED_DDR  DDRB
+#define LED_PORT PORTB
+
+#define DELAYTIME 200
+
+#define setBit(sfr, bit)     (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) |= (1 << bit))
+#define clearBit(sfr, bit)   (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) &= ~(1 << bit))
+#define toggleBit(sfr, bit)  (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) ^= (1 << bit))
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // Init
+  setBit(LED_DDR, LED);                      /* set LED pin for output */
+
+  // Mainloop
+  while (1) {
+
+    setBit(LED_PORT, LED);
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+
+    clearBit(LED_PORT, LED);
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+
+  }
+  return 0;                                          /* end mainloop */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter03_Digital-Output/povToy/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter03_Digital-Output/povToy/povToy.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// POV toy demo framework //
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+
+// -------- Functions --------- //
+void POVDisplay(uint8_t oneByte) {
+  PORTB = oneByte;
+  _delay_ms(2);
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  DDRB = 0xff;                    /* Set up all of LED pins for output */
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {                                              /* mainloop */
+    POVDisplay(0b00001110);
+    POVDisplay(0b00011000);
+    POVDisplay(0b10111101);
+    POVDisplay(0b01110110);
+    POVDisplay(0b00111100);
+    POVDisplay(0b00111100);
+    POVDisplay(0b00111100);
+    POVDisplay(0b01110110);
+    POVDisplay(0b10111101);
+    POVDisplay(0b00011000);
+    POVDisplay(0b00001110);
+
+    PORTB = 0;
+    _delay_ms(10);
+  }                                                    /* end mainloop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter03_Digital-Output/povToy_1up/1up.c

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+  POV demo by Patrick Roanhouse
+*/
+
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#define DELAYTIME 2                                              /* ms */
+
+uint8_t Star1UP[] = {
+  0b10000100,
+  0b01101100,
+  0b01111110,
+  0b00011111,
+  0b01111110,
+  0b01101100,
+  0b10000100,
+  0b00000000,
+  0b00000000,
+  0b00000000,
+  0b10000010,
+  0b11111111,
+  0b11111111,
+  0b10000000,
+  0b00000000,
+  0b00000000,
+  0b01111111,
+  0b11111111,
+  0b10000000,
+  0b11111111,
+  0b01111111,
+  0b00000000,
+  0b00000000,
+  0b11111111,
+  0b11111111,
+  0b00110011,
+  0b00110011,
+  0b00011110,
+  0b00011110,
+};
+
+
+int main(void) {
+  uint8_t i;
+
+  DDRB = 0xff;                                           /* all output */
+
+  while (1) {                                              /* mainloop */
+    for (i = 0; i < sizeof(Star1UP); i++) {
+           /* sizeof(Star1UP) returns the number of bytes in our array, */
+      PORTB = Star1UP[i];
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    }
+
+    PORTB = 0;                    /* blank for gap between repetitions */
+    _delay_ms(5 * DELAYTIME);
+
+  }                                                    /* end mainloop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter03_Digital-Output/povToy_1up/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter03_Digital-Output/povToy_cylonEyes/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter03_Digital-Output/povToy_cylonEyes/cylonEyes_POV.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+
+Cylon eyes actually turns out to be a decent POV routine.
+The only change here is in DELAYTIME.
+
+ */
+
+
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+
+#define DELAYTIME 2                                    /* milliseconds */
+
+int main(void) {
+  uint8_t i=0;
+  DDRB = 0b11111111;              /* Data Direction Register B: all on */
+
+  while (1) {
+
+    while (i < 7) {
+      PORTB = (1 << i);                    /* illuminate only i'th pin */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);                                    /* wait */
+      i = i + 1;                               /* move to the next LED */
+    }
+
+    while (i > 0) {
+      PORTB = (1 << i);                    /* illuminate only i'th pin */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);                                    /* wait */
+      i = i - 1;                           /* move to the previous LED */
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter03_Digital-Output/povToy_invaders/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter03_Digital-Output/povToy_invaders/invaders.c

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+  Space Invaders POV demo by Elliot Williams
+  This version stores the displays in arrays,
+  loops over their elements in a function.
+*/
+
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#define DELAYTIME 2                                              /* ms */
+
+#define LED_PORT                PORTB
+#define LED_DDR                 DDRB
+
+uint8_t invaderData1[] = {
+  0b01110000,
+  0b00011000,
+  0b11111101,
+  0b10110110,
+  0b00111100,
+  0b00111100,
+  0b00111100,
+  0b10110110,
+  0b11111101,
+  0b00011000,
+  0b01110000
+};
+
+uint8_t invaderData2[] = {
+  0b00001110,
+  0b00011000,
+  0b10111101,
+  0b01110110,
+  0b00111100,
+  0b00111100,
+  0b00111100,
+  0b01110110,
+  0b10111101,
+  0b00011000,
+  0b00001110
+};
+
+
+void pause(void){
+	uint8_t i;
+	for (i=0; i<5; i++){
+		_delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+	}
+}
+
+void POVDisplay(uint8_t povData[], uint8_t numberRows) {
+  uint8_t i;
+  for (i = 0; i < numberRows; ++i) {
+    LED_PORT = povData[i];
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+  }
+  pause();
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;                            /* set all LEDs to output */ 
+
+  while (1) {                                              /* mainloop */
+
+      POVDisplay(invaderData1, sizeof(invaderData1));
+      POVDisplay(invaderData2, sizeof(invaderData2));
+
+  }                                                    /* end mainloop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes/cylonEyes.c

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+                                                         /* Cylon Eyes */
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+
+#define DELAYTIME 85                                   /* milliseconds */
+#define LED_PORT                PORTB
+#define LED_PIN                 PINB
+#define LED_DDR                 DDRB
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  uint8_t i=0;
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;               /* Data Direction Register B:
+                                   all set up for output */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    while (i < 7) {
+      LED_PORT = (1 << i);                 /* illuminate only i'th pin */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);                                    /* wait */
+      i = i + 1;                               /* move to the next LED */
+    }
+
+    while (i > 0) {
+      LED_PORT = (1 << i);                 /* illuminate only i'th pin */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);                                    /* wait */
+      i = i - 1;                           /* move to the previous LED */
+    }
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_16LFSR/16LFSR.c

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+
+#define DELAY     100                                            /* ms */
+
+static inline uint8_t LFSR8_step(uint8_t random);
+static inline uint16_t LFSR16(uint16_t random);
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+
+  DDRB = 0xff;                                   /* output on all LEDs */
+  uint16_t random = 123;           /* can't init to 0, any other is ok */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+                                                 /* Display and output */
+    random = LFSR16(random);
+    PORTB = (random >> 8);
+    _delay_ms(DELAY);
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+// ----------------- LFSR Routines ---------------- //
+
+inline uint8_t LFSR8_step(uint8_t random) {
+  /*
+     Takes an 8-bit number, takes one step in a () LFSR.
+     [3, 4, 5, 7] is the set of taps for 8-bits that goes through
+     the whole cycle before repeating.
+
+     If you're really serious about randomness, you'll want a different
+     algorithm.  In fact, this is a great demo of how "predictable"
+     the "pseudo-random" sequence is.
+
+     Note that this is not a very efficient way to code this up,
+     but it's meant mostly for teaching and is plenty fast
+     because the compiler does an OK job with it.
+   */
+  uint8_t tap1, tap2, tap3, tap4;
+  uint8_t newBit;
+  tap1 = 1 & (random >> 3);
+  tap2 = 1 & (random >> 4);
+  tap3 = 1 & (random >> 5);
+  tap4 = 1 & (random >> 7);
+
+  newBit = tap1 ^ tap2 ^ tap3 ^ tap4;
+  random = ((random << 1) | newBit);
+  return (random);
+}
+
+
+inline uint16_t LFSR16(uint16_t random) {
+  // 3, 12, 14, 15 are the maximal taps for 16 bits.
+  uint16_t tap1, tap2, tap3, tap4;
+  uint16_t newBit;
+  tap1 = 1 & (random >> 3);
+  tap2 = 1 & (random >> 12);
+  tap3 = 1 & (random >> 14);
+  tap4 = 1 & (random >> 15);
+
+  newBit = tap1 ^ tap2 ^ tap3 ^ tap4;
+  random = ((random << 1) | newBit);
+  return (random);
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_16LFSR/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_8LFSR/8LFSR.c

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+
+#define DELAY     100                                            /* ms */
+
+static inline uint8_t LFSR8_step(uint8_t random);
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+
+  DDRB = 0xff;                                   /* output on all LEDs */
+  uint8_t random = 1;              /* can't init to 0, any other is ok */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+                                                 /* Display and output */
+    random = LFSR8_step(random);
+    PORTB = random;
+    _delay_ms(DELAY);
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+// ----------------- LFSR Routines ---------------- //
+
+inline uint8_t LFSR8_step(uint8_t random) {
+  /*
+     Takes an 8-bit number, takes one step in a () LFSR.
+     [3, 4, 5, 7] is the set of taps for 8-bits that goes through
+     the whole cycle before repeating.
+
+     If you're really serious about randomness, you'll want a different
+     algorithm.  In fact, this is a great demo of how "predictable"
+     the "pseudo-random" sequence is.
+
+     Note that this is not a very efficient way to code this up,
+     but it's meant mostly for teaching and is plenty fast
+     because the compiler does an OK job with it.
+   */
+  uint8_t tap1, tap2, tap3, tap4;
+  uint8_t newBit;
+  tap1 = 1 & (random >> 3);
+  tap2 = 1 & (random >> 4);
+  tap3 = 1 & (random >> 5);
+  tap4 = 1 & (random >> 7);
+
+  newBit = tap1 ^ tap2 ^ tap3 ^ tap4;
+  random = ((random << 1) | newBit);
+  return (random);
+}
+
+
+inline uint16_t LFSR16(uint16_t random) {
+  // 3, 12, 14, 15 are the maximal taps for 16 bits.
+  uint16_t tap1, tap2, tap3, tap4;
+  uint16_t newBit;
+  tap1 = 1 & (random >> 3);
+  tap2 = 1 & (random >> 12);
+  tap3 = 1 & (random >> 14);
+  tap4 = 1 & (random >> 15);
+
+  newBit = tap1 ^ tap2 ^ tap3 ^ tap4;
+  random = ((random << 1) | newBit);
+  return (random);
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_8LFSR/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_counting/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_counting/counting.c

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#define F_CPU 1000000UL          /* Sets up the chip speed for delay.h */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+
+#define DELAYTIME 100
+
+int main(void) {
+  DDRB = 0b11111111;
+  PORTB = 0;
+
+  while (1) {
+    PORTB = PORTB + 1;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+  }
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_halfStepping/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_halfStepping/cylonEyes_halfStepping.c

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/* Cylon Eyes
+   Half-stepping turns the next light on for a little bit,
+   makes the pattern visually smoother, improves overall
+   cylonity.
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+
+#define DELAYTIME 85    /* milliseconds, 50-75 is good for smooth eyes */
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  uint8_t i;
+  DDRB = 0xff;                  /* Data Direction Register B:
+                                   all set up for output */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {                                              /* mainloop */
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {                   /* count i from 0 to 6 */
+      PORTB |= (1 << i);                              /* turn on led i */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);                                    /* wait */
+
+      PORTB |= (1 << (i + 1));                 /* turn the next led on */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME / 2);
+
+      PORTB &= ~(1 << i);                            /* turn off led i */
+    }
+
+    for (i = 7; i > 0; i--) {                   /* count i from 7 to 1 */
+      PORTB |= (1 << i);
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+
+      PORTB |= (1 << (i - 1));                 /* turn the next led on */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME / 2);
+
+      PORTB &= ~(1 << i);                            /* turn off led i */
+    }
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}                                                          /* end main */

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_naive/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_naive/cylonEyes_naive.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#define F_CPU 1000000UL          /* Sets up the chip speed for delay.h */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+
+#define DELAYTIME 75                                   /* milliseconds */
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  DDRB = 0b11111111;           /* Data Direction Register B:
+                                   all set up for output */
+
+  while (1) {
+    PORTB = 0b00000001;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00000010;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00000100;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00001000;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00010000;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00100000;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b01000000;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b10000000;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b01000000;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00100000;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00010000;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00001000;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00000100;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    PORTB = 0b00000010;
+    _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+  }
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_quasiRandomToggle/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/cylonEyes_quasiRandomToggle/quasiRandomToggle.c

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+                                                         /* Cylon Eyes */
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+
+#define DELAYTIME 45                                   /* milliseconds */
+#define LED_PORT                PORTB
+#define LED_PIN                 PINB
+#define LED_DDR                 DDRB
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  uint16_t x = 0x1234;
+  uint8_t y;
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;               /* Data Direction Register B:
+                                   all set up for output */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    x = 2053 * x + 13849;                 /* "random" number generator */
+    y = (x >> 8) & 0b00000111;       /* pick three bits from high byte */
+    LED_PORT ^= (1 << y);                            /* toggle one bit */
+    _delay_ms(100);
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/showingOffBits/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter04_Bit-Twiddling/showingOffBits/showingOffBits.c

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+            /* Showing off some patterns to practice our bit-twiddling */
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <avr/power.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+
+#define DELAYTIME 85                                   /* milliseconds */
+#define LED_PORT                PORTB
+#define LED_DDR                 DDRB
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  uint8_t i;
+  uint8_t repetitions;
+  uint8_t whichLED;
+  uint16_t randomNumber = 0x1234;
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;                    /* all LEDs configured for output */
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+                                                            /* Go Left */
+    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+      LED_PORT |= (1 << i);                    /* turn on the i'th pin */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);                                    /* wait */
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+      LED_PORT &= ~(1 << i);                  /* turn off the i'th pin */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);                                    /* wait */
+    }
+    _delay_ms(5 * DELAYTIME);                                 /* pause */
+
+                                                           /* Go Right */
+    for (i = 7; i < 255; i--) {
+      LED_PORT |= (1 << i);                    /* turn on the i'th pin */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);                                    /* wait */
+    }
+    for (i = 7; i < 255; i--) {
+      LED_PORT &= ~(1 << i);                  /* turn off the i'th pin */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);                                    /* wait */
+    }
+    _delay_ms(5 * DELAYTIME);                                 /* pause */
+
+                                   /* Toggle "random" bits for a while */
+    for (repetitions = 0; repetitions < 75; repetitions++) {
+                                          /* "random" number generator */
+      randomNumber = 2053 * randomNumber + 13849;
+                                      /* low three bits from high byte */
+      whichLED = (randomNumber >> 8) & 0b00000111;
+      LED_PORT ^= (1 << whichLED);                   /* toggle our LED */
+      _delay_ms(DELAYTIME);
+    }
+    LED_PORT = 0;                                      /* all LEDs off */
+    _delay_ms(5 * DELAYTIME);                                 /* pause */
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter05_Serial-IO/serialLoopback/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter05_Serial-IO/serialLoopback/serialLoopback.c

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+A simple test of serial-port functionality.
+Takes in a character at a time and sends it right back out,
+ displaying the ASCII value on the LEDs.
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+#include "USART.h"
+
+int main(void) {
+  char serialCharacter;
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;                            /* set up LEDs for output */
+  initUSART();
+  printString("Hello World!\r\n");                          /* to test */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    serialCharacter = receiveByte();
+    transmitByte(serialCharacter);
+    LED_PORT = serialCharacter;
+                           /* display ascii/numeric value of character */
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter05_Serial-IO/serialOrgan/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter05_Serial-IO/serialOrgan/autoPlay.py

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+## Scripting in python to drive the serial-port organ
+
+## So far, the "protocol" is simple.  
+## Python routine sends a note, waits for a return character, then sends next, etc.
+## Organ listens for notes, when it gets one sends an 'N' to say it's ready
+ 
+import serial
+
+def playString(noteString, serialPort):
+  for letter in noteString:
+    print(letter)
+    serialPort.write(letter.encode())
+    returnValue = serialPort.read(1)
+    
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+  import time
+  from urllib.request import urlopen
+
+  ## Need to consider alternatives for Mac / Windows
+  ## list all serial ports being used: python -m serial.tools.list_ports
+  PORT = "/dev/ttyUSB0" # Change this to the current serial port being used
+  BAUD = 9600
+
+  s = serial.Serial(PORT, BAUD)
+  s.flush()                     
+  ## flush clears the buffer so that we're starting fresh
+  ## More on serial buffers later.
+
+  ## An intentional example.  You can use this for playing music on purpose.
+  playString("f g h j k l ; ]'[", s)
+  input("Press enter for next demo\n")
+
+  ## A fun / stupid example.  You can just type stuff and see what comes out.
+  playString("hello there, this is a random string turned into 'music'", s)
+  input("Press enter for next demo\n")
+
+  ## Website no longer alive... skipping:
+  ## A really frivolous example.  Play websites!
+  ## Bonus points for first person to tweet themselves a song.
+  #print ("Downloading song data from http://serialorgansongs.jottit.com/...")
+  #import re
+  #contentFilter = re.compile(r'<p>(.*?)</p>')
+  #songSite = urlopen("http://serialorgansongs.jottit.com/").read()
+  #songText = contentFilter.findall(songSite)[0]
+  #playString(songText, s)
+ 
+  ## Or interactive
+  mySong = input("\nType in your own song: ")
+  playString(mySong, s)

Make AVR Examples/Chapter05_Serial-IO/serialOrgan/organ.c

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+Simple routines to play notes out to a speaker
+*/
+
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include "organ.h"
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+void playNote(uint16_t period, uint16_t duration) {
+  uint16_t elapsed;
+  uint16_t i;
+  for (elapsed = 0; elapsed < duration; elapsed += period) {
+                     /* For loop with variable delay selects the pitch */
+    for (i = 0; i < period; i++) {
+      _delay_us(1);
+    }
+    SPEAKER_PORT ^= (1 << SPEAKER);
+  }
+}
+
+void rest(uint16_t duration) {
+  do {
+    _delay_us(1);
+  } while (--duration);
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter05_Serial-IO/serialOrgan/organ.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+// ------------- Function prototypes -------------- //
+
+// Plays a note for the given duration.  None of these times are
+//  calibrated to actual notes or tempi.  It's all relative to TIMEBASE.
+void playNote(uint16_t period, uint16_t duration);
+
+// Does nothing for a time equal to the passed duration.
+void rest(uint16_t duration);

Make AVR Examples/Chapter05_Serial-IO/serialOrgan/scale16.h

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Scale in the key of 25000
+// Automatically generated by scaleGenerator.py
+
+#define  C0    25000
+#define  Cx0   23597
+#define  D0    22272
+#define  Dx0   21022
+#define  E0    19843
+#define  F0    18729
+#define  Fx0   17678
+#define  G0    16685
+#define  Gx0   15749
+#define  A0    14865
+#define  Ax0   14031
+#define  B0    13243
+#define  C1    12500
+#define  Cx1   11798
+#define  D1    11136
+#define  Dx1   10511
+#define  E1     9921
+#define  F1     9364
+#define  Fx1    8839
+#define  G1     8343
+#define  Gx1    7875
+#define  A1     7433
+#define  Ax1    7015
+#define  B1     6622
+#define  C2     6250
+#define  Cx2    5899
+#define  D2     5568
+#define  Dx2    5256
+#define  E2     4961
+#define  F2     4682
+#define  Fx2    4419
+#define  G2     4171
+#define  Gx2    3937
+#define  A2     3716
+#define  Ax2    3508
+#define  B2     3311
+#define  C3     3125
+#define  Cx3    2950
+#define  D3     2784
+#define  Dx3    2628
+#define  E3     2480
+#define  F3     2341
+#define  Fx3    2210
+#define  G3     2086
+#define  Gx3    1969
+#define  A3     1858
+#define  Ax3    1754
+#define  B3     1655
+#define  C4     1562
+#define  Cx4    1474
+#define  D4     1392
+#define  Dx4    1313
+#define  E4     1240
+#define  F4     1170
+#define  Fx4    1105
+#define  G4     1043
+#define  Gx4     984
+#define  A4      929
+#define  Ax4     877
+#define  B4      827
+#define  C5      781
+#define  Cx5     737
+#define  D5      696
+#define  Dx5     657
+#define  E5      620
+#define  F5      585
+#define  Fx5     552
+#define  G5      521
+#define  Gx5     492
+#define  A5      464
+#define  Ax5     438
+#define  B5      414
+#define  C6      390
+#define  Cx6     368
+#define  D6      347
+#define  Dx6     328
+#define  E6      310
+#define  F6      292
+#define  Fx6     276
+#define  G6      260
+#define  Gx6     246
+#define  A6      232
+#define  Ax6     219
+#define  B6      207
+#define  C7      195
+#define  Cx7     184
+#define  D7      174
+#define  Dx7     164
+#define  E7      155
+#define  F7      146
+#define  Fx7     138
+#define  G7      130
+#define  Gx7     123
+#define  A7      116
+#define  Ax7     109
+#define  B7      103

Make AVR Examples/Chapter05_Serial-IO/serialOrgan/scaleGenerator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# scaleGenerator.py
+# Scales are in terms of times per cycle (period) rather
+#   than pitch.  
+# 
+
+import math
+
+SCALE = ['C', 'Cx', 'D', 'Dx', 'E', 'F', 'Fx', 'G', 'Gx', 'A', 'Ax', 'B']
+
+def calculateOctave(baseLength):
+    periods = [baseLength / math.exp(x*math.log(2)/12) for x in range(0, 12)]
+    periods = [int(round(x)) for x in periods]
+    return( zip(SCALE, periods) )
+
+def makePitches(basePitch, numOctaves):
+    pitchList = []
+    for octave in range(0, numOctaves):
+        for note, period in calculateOctave(basePitch / 2**octave):
+            if period < 65500:
+                noteString = note + str(octave)
+                pitchList.append((noteString,period))
+    return(pitchList)            
+    
+def makeDefines(basePitch, numOctaves):
+    pitchList = makePitches(basePitch, numOctaves)
+    defineString = "// Scale in the key of {} \n".format(basePitch)
+    defineString += "// Automatically generated by scaleGenerator.py \n\n"
+    for (note, length) in pitchList:
+        defineString += "#define  {:<5}{:>6}\n".format(note, length)
+    return(defineString)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    
+    ## Change these if you like
+    BASEPITCH = 25000
+    OCTAVES   = 8
+    OUTFILE   = "scale16.h"
+    
+    ## Write it out to a file
+    out = open(OUTFILE, "w")
+    out.write(makeDefines(BASEPITCH, OCTAVES))
+    out.close()
+
+    
+
+

Make AVR Examples/Chapter05_Serial-IO/serialOrgan/serialOrgan.c

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+
+serialOrgan.c
+
+Reads a character in serial from the keyboard, plays a note.
+
+See organ.h for pin defines and other macros
+See organ.c (and include it in the Makefile) for playNote() and rest()
+
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include "organ.h"
+#include "scale16.h"
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+#include "USART.h"
+
+#define NOTE_DURATION     0xF000        /* determines long note length */
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  SPEAKER_DDR |= (1 << SPEAKER);                 /* speaker for output */
+  initUSART();
+  printString("----- Serial Organ ------\r\n");
+
+  char fromCompy;                        /* used to store serial input */
+  uint16_t currentNoteLength = NOTE_DURATION / 2;
+  const uint8_t keys[] = { 'a', 'w', 's', 'e', 'd', 'f', 't',
+    'g', 'y', 'h', 'j', 'i', 'k', 'o',
+    'l', 'p', ';', '\''
+  };
+  const uint16_t notes[] = { G4, Gx4, A4, Ax4, B4, C5, Cx5,
+    D5, Dx5, E5, F5, Fx5, G5, Gx5,
+    A5, Ax5, B5, C6
+  };
+  uint8_t isNote;
+  uint8_t i;
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+                                                            /* Get Key */
+    fromCompy = receiveByte();      /* waits here until there is input */
+    transmitByte('N');     /* alert computer we're ready for next note */
+
+                                                         /* Play Notes */
+    isNote = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < sizeof(keys); i++) {
+      if (fromCompy == keys[i]) {       /* found match in lookup table */
+        playNote(notes[i], currentNoteLength);
+        isNote = 1;                  /* record that we've found a note */
+        break;                               /* drop out of for() loop */
+      }
+    }
+
+                      /* Handle non-note keys: tempo changes and rests */
+    if (!isNote) {
+      if (fromCompy == '[') {                   /* code for short note */
+        currentNoteLength = NOTE_DURATION / 2;
+      }
+      else if (fromCompy == ']') {               /* code for long note */
+        currentNoteLength = NOTE_DURATION;
+      }
+      else {                                /* unrecognized, just rest */
+        rest(currentNoteLength);
+      }
+    }
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/avrMusicBox/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/avrMusicBox/avrMusicBox.c

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Music Box Input Demo
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include "organ.h"
+#include "scale16.h"
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+#define SONG_LENGTH  (sizeof(song) / sizeof(uint16_t))
+
+int main(void) {
+  const uint16_t song[] = {
+    E6, E6, E6, C6, E6, G6, G5,
+    C6, G5, E5, A5, B5, Ax5, A5,
+    G5, E6, G6, A6, F6, G6, E6, C6, D6, B5,
+    C6, G5, E5, A5, B5, Ax5, A5,
+    G5, E6, G6, A6, F6, G6, E6, C6, D6, B5,
+                                                                /* etc */
+  };
+  /* starting at end b/c routine starts by incrementing and then playing
+     this makes the song start at the beginning after reboot */
+  uint8_t whichNote = SONG_LENGTH - 1;
+  uint8_t wasButtonPressed = 0;
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  SPEAKER_DDR |= (1 << SPEAKER);                 /* speaker for output */
+  BUTTON_PORT |= (1 << BUTTON);                    /* pullup on button */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+    if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {
+      if (!wasButtonPressed) {              /* if it's a new press ... */
+        whichNote++;                           /* advance to next note */
+                                         /* but don't run over the end */
+        if (whichNote == SONG_LENGTH) {
+          whichNote = 0;
+        }
+        wasButtonPressed = 1;
+      }
+      playNote(song[whichNote], 1600);
+    }
+    else {
+      wasButtonPressed = 0;
+    }
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/avrMusicBox/organ.c

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+Simple routines to play notes out to a speaker
+*/
+
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include "organ.h"
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+void playNote(uint16_t period, uint16_t duration) {
+  uint16_t elapsed;
+  uint16_t i;
+  for (elapsed = 0; elapsed < duration; elapsed += period) {
+                     /* For loop with variable delay selects the pitch */
+    for (i = 0; i < period; i++) {
+      _delay_us(1);
+    }
+    SPEAKER_PORT ^= (1 << SPEAKER);
+  }
+}
+
+void rest(uint16_t duration) {
+  do {
+    _delay_us(1);
+  } while (--duration);
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/avrMusicBox/organ.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+// ------------- Function prototypes -------------- //
+
+// Plays a note for the given duration.  None of these times are
+//  calibrated to actual notes or tempi.  It's all relative to TIMEBASE.
+void playNote(uint16_t period, uint16_t duration);
+
+// Does nothing for a time equal to the passed duration.
+void rest(uint16_t duration);

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/avrMusicBox/scale16.h

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Scale in the key of 12000
+// Automatically generated by scaleGenerator.py
+
+#define  C0    12000
+#define  Cx0   11326
+#define  D0    10691
+#define  Dx0   10091
+#define  E0     9524
+#define  F0     8990
+#define  Fx0    8485
+#define  G0     8009
+#define  Gx0    7560
+#define  A0     7135
+#define  Ax0    6735
+#define  B0     6357
+#define  C1     6000
+#define  Cx1    5663
+#define  D1     5345
+#define  Dx1    5045
+#define  E1     4762
+#define  F1     4495
+#define  Fx1    4243
+#define  G1     4005
+#define  Gx1    3780
+#define  A1     3568
+#define  Ax1    3367
+#define  B1     3178
+#define  C2     3000
+#define  Cx2    2832
+#define  D2     2673
+#define  Dx2    2523
+#define  E2     2381
+#define  F2     2247
+#define  Fx2    2121
+#define  G2     2002
+#define  Gx2    1890
+#define  A2     1784
+#define  Ax2    1684
+#define  B2     1589
+#define  C3     1500
+#define  Cx3    1416
+#define  D3     1336
+#define  Dx3    1261
+#define  E3     1191
+#define  F3     1124
+#define  Fx3    1061
+#define  G3     1001
+#define  Gx3     945
+#define  A3      892
+#define  Ax3     842
+#define  B3      795
+#define  C4      750
+#define  Cx4     708
+#define  D4      668
+#define  Dx4     631
+#define  E4      595
+#define  F4      562
+#define  Fx4     530
+#define  G4      501
+#define  Gx4     472
+#define  A4      446
+#define  Ax4     421
+#define  B4      397
+#define  C5      375
+#define  Cx5     354
+#define  D5      334
+#define  Dx5     315
+#define  E5      298
+#define  F5      281
+#define  Fx5     265
+#define  G5      250
+#define  Gx5     236
+#define  A5      223
+#define  Ax5     210
+#define  B5      199
+#define  C6      187
+#define  Cx6     177
+#define  D6      167
+#define  Dx6     157
+#define  E6      148
+#define  F6      140
+#define  Fx6     132
+#define  G6      125
+#define  Gx6     118
+#define  A6      111
+#define  Ax6     105
+#define  B6       99
+#define  C7       93
+#define  Cx7      88
+#define  D7       83
+#define  Dx7      78
+#define  E7       74
+#define  F7       70
+#define  Fx7      66
+#define  G7       62
+#define  Gx7      59
+#define  A7       55
+#define  Ax7      52
+#define  B7       49

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/avrMusicBox/scaleGenerator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# scaleGenerator.py
+# Scales are in terms of times per cycle (period) rather
+#   than pitch.  
+# 
+
+import math
+
+SCALE = ['C', 'Cx', 'D', 'Dx', 'E', 'F', 'Fx', 'G', 'Gx', 'A', 'Ax', 'B']
+
+def calculateOctave(baseLength):
+    periods = [baseLength / math.exp(x*math.log(2)/12) for x in range(0, 12)]
+    periods = [int(round(x)) for x in periods]
+    return( zip(SCALE, periods) )
+
+def makePitches(basePitch, numOctaves):
+    pitchList = []
+    for octave in range(0, numOctaves):
+        for note, period in calculateOctave(basePitch / 2**octave):
+            if period < 65500:
+                noteString = note + str(octave)
+                pitchList.append((noteString,period))
+    return(pitchList)            
+    
+def makeDefines(basePitch, numOctaves):
+    pitchList = makePitches(basePitch, numOctaves)
+    defineString = "// Scale in the key of {} \n".format(basePitch)
+    defineString += "// Automatically generated by scaleGenerator.py \n\n"
+    for (note, length) in pitchList:
+        defineString += "#define  {:<5}{:>6}\n".format(note, length)
+    return(defineString)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    
+    ## Change these if you like
+    BASEPITCH = 10000
+    OCTAVES   = 8
+    OUTFILE   = "scale16.h"
+    
+    ## Write it out to a file
+    out = open(OUTFILE, "w")
+    out.write(makeDefines(BASEPITCH, OCTAVES))
+    out.close()
+
+    
+
+

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/bossButton/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/bossButton/bossButton.c

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+bossButton.c
+
+As long as we've got a button wired up to the AVR,
+might as well have some fun.
+
+Upload this code to your AVR, run bossButton.py.
+Press button.
+
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+#include "USART.h"
+
+static inline void blinkLED(void) {
+  LED_PORT = (1 << LED0);
+  _delay_ms(1000);
+  LED_PORT &= ~(1 << LED0);
+}
+
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  BUTTON_PORT |= (1 << BUTTON);          /* input mode, turn on pullup */
+
+  LED_DDR = (1 << LED0);
+  blinkLED();
+
+  initUSART();
+  transmitByte('O');
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {
+      transmitByte('X');
+      blinkLED();
+    }
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/bossButton/bossButton.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+## Simple demo
+## Sits forever listening to serial port
+## When you press button, opens website of your choosing.
+## Extend this to many buttons and you'll have a physical
+##  web-launcher.  
+
+BOSS_SITE = "http://www.cartalk.com/content/boss-redirect"
+## or perhaps more topical...
+XKCD = "http://xkcd.com/353/"
+
+SERIAL_PORT = "/dev/ttyUSB0"
+BAUD_RATE = 9600
+
+import serial
+import webbrowser
+
+sp = serial.Serial(SERIAL_PORT, BAUD_RATE, timeout = 5)
+sp.flush()
+print ("Boss Button")
+
+while(1):                       # Sit and wait forever
+    response = sp.read(1)       # get one byte
+    if response == "O":
+        print ("Got OK Byte.  Waiting for button press.")
+    elif response == b"X":
+        print ("Got Boss Byte!  Alarm!")
+        webbrowser.open(BOSS_SITE)
+    else:
+        print ("Got nothing.  Still waiting.")
+
+

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/debouncer/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/debouncer/debouncer.c

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#define DEBOUNCE_TIME  1000                            /* microseconds */
+
+uint8_t debounce(void) {
+  if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {      /* button is pressed now */
+    _delay_us(DEBOUNCE_TIME);
+    if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {            /* still pressed */
+      return (1);
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  uint8_t buttonWasPressed=0;                                 /* state */
+  BUTTON_PORT |= (1 << BUTTON);     /* enable the pullup on the button */
+  LED_DDR = (1 << LED0);                      /* set up LED for output */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+    if (debounce()) {                        /* debounced button press */
+      if (buttonWasPressed == 0) {     /* but wasn't last time through */
+        LED_PORT ^= (1 << LED0);                        /* do whatever */
+        buttonWasPressed = 1;                      /* update the state */
+      }
+    }
+    else {                                /* button is not pressed now */
+      buttonWasPressed = 0;                        /* update the state */
+    }
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/simpleButton/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/simpleButton/simpleButton.c

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+   Demo of the simplest on/off button code
+   Button connected to PD2
+   LEDs connected to PB0..PB7
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  PORTD |= (1 << PD2);  /* initialize pullup resistor on our input pin */
+  DDRB = 0xff;                           /* set up all LEDs for output */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+    if (bit_is_clear(PIND, PD2)) {            /* look for button press */
+                      /* equivalent to if ((PIND & (1 << PD2)) == 0 ){ */
+      PORTB = 0b00111100;                                   /* pressed */
+    }
+    else {                                              /* not pressed */
+      PORTB = 0b11000011;
+    }
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/toggleButton/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/toggleButton/toggleButton.c

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+   Demonstrates using state to detect button presses
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  uint8_t buttonWasPressed;                                   /* state */
+  BUTTON_PORT |= (1 << BUTTON);     /* enable the pullup on the button */
+  LED_DDR = (1 << LED0);                      /* set up LED for output */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+    if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {    /* button is pressed now */
+      if (buttonWasPressed == 0) {     /* but wasn't last time through */
+        LED_PORT ^= (1 << LED0);                        /* do whatever */
+        buttonWasPressed = 1;                      /* update the state */
+      }
+    }
+    else {                                /* button is not pressed now */
+      buttonWasPressed = 0;                        /* update the state */
+    }
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/toggleButton_debounced/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter06_Digital-Input/toggleButton_debounced/toggleButton_debounced.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+   Demonstrates using state to detect button presses
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#define DEBOUNCE_TIME  5                               /* microseconds */
+
+uint8_t debouncePress(void) {
+  if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {      /* button is pressed now */
+    _delay_ms(DEBOUNCE_TIME);
+    if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {            /* still pressed */
+      return (1);
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  uint8_t buttonWasPressed=0;                                 /* state */
+  BUTTON_PORT |= (1 << BUTTON);     /* enable the pullup on the button */
+  LED_DDR = (1 << LED0);                      /* set up LED for output */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+    if (debouncePress()) {
+      if (buttonWasPressed == 0) {     /* but wasn't last time through */
+        LED_PORT ^= (1 << LED0);                        /* do whatever */
+        buttonWasPressed = 1;                      /* update the state */
+      }
+    }
+    else {                                /* button is not pressed now */
+      buttonWasPressed = 0;                        /* update the state */
+    }
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter07_Analog-to-Digital-Conversion-I/lightSensor/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+lightSensor_50Hz.c

Make AVR Examples/Chapter07_Analog-to-Digital-Conversion-I/lightSensor/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter07_Analog-to-Digital-Conversion-I/lightSensor/lightSensor.c

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Quick Demo of light sensor
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+// -------- Functions --------- //
+static inline void initADC0(void) {
+  ADMUX |= (1 << REFS0);                  /* reference voltage on AVCC */
+  ADCSRA |= (1 << ADPS2);                   /* ADC clock prescaler /16 */
+  ADCSRA |= (1 << ADEN);                                 /* enable ADC */
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  uint8_t ledValue;
+  uint16_t adcValue;
+  uint8_t i;
+
+  initADC0();
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC);                     /* start ADC conversion */
+    loop_until_bit_is_clear(ADCSRA, ADSC);          /* wait until done */
+    adcValue = ADC;                                     /* read ADC in */
+                        /* Have 10 bits, want 3 (eight LEDs after all) */
+    ledValue = (adcValue >> 7);
+                                   /* Light up all LEDs up to ledValue */
+    LED_PORT = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i <= ledValue; i++) {
+      LED_PORT |= (1 << i);
+    }
+    _delay_ms(50);
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter07_Analog-to-Digital-Conversion-I/nightLight/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter07_Analog-to-Digital-Conversion-I/nightLight/nightLight.c

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Quick and dirty adjustable-threshold night-light.
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+uint16_t readADC(uint8_t channel) {
+  ADMUX = (0xf0 & ADMUX) | channel;
+  ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC);
+  loop_until_bit_is_clear(ADCSRA, ADSC);
+  return (ADC);
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  uint16_t lightThreshold;
+  uint16_t sensorValue;
+  // Set up ADC
+  ADMUX |= (1 << REFS0);                  /* reference voltage on AVCC */
+  ADCSRA |= (1 << ADPS1) | (1 << ADPS0);     /* ADC clock prescaler /8 */
+  ADCSRA |= (1 << ADEN);                                 /* enable ADC */
+
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    lightThreshold = readADC(POT);
+    sensorValue = readADC(LIGHT_SENSOR);
+
+    if (sensorValue < lightThreshold) {
+      LED_PORT = 0xff;
+    }
+    else {
+      LED_PORT = 0x00;
+    }
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter07_Analog-to-Digital-Conversion-I/slowScope/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter07_Analog-to-Digital-Conversion-I/slowScope/serialScope.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import serial
+
+def readValue(serialPort):
+    return(ord(serialPort.read(1)))
+
+def plotValue(value):
+    """ Displays the value on a scaled scrolling bargraph"""
+    leadingSpaces = "-" * int(value*(SCREEN_WIDTH-3) / 255)
+    print(f"{leadingSpaces} {value:03}")
+
+def cheapoScope(serialPort):
+    while(1):
+        newValue = readValue(serialPort)
+        plotValue(newValue)
+        
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    ## list all serial ports being used: python -m serial.tools.list_ports
+    PORT = '/dev/ttyUSB0' # update to whatever port is listed in serial.tools.list_ports
+    BAUDRATE =  9600
+    TIMEOUT = None
+    SCREEN_WIDTH = 80
+
+    ## Take command-line arguments to override defaults above
+    import sys
+    if len(sys.argv) == 3:
+        port = sys.argv[1]
+        baudrate = int(sys.argv[2])
+    else:                        # nothing passed, use defaults 
+        print ("Optional arguments port, baudrate set to defaults.")
+        port, baudrate = (PORT, BAUDRATE)
+        
+    serialPort = serial.Serial(port, baudrate, timeout=TIMEOUT)
+    serialPort.flush()
+    cheapoScope(serialPort)

Make AVR Examples/Chapter07_Analog-to-Digital-Conversion-I/slowScope/slowScope.c

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Slow-scope.  A free-running AVR / ADC "oscilloscope"
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+#include "USART.h"
+
+#define SAMPLE_DELAY  20 /* ms, controls the scroll-speed of the scope */
+
+// -------- Functions --------- //
+static inline void initFreerunningADC(void) {
+  ADMUX |= (1 << REFS0);                  /* reference voltage on AVCC */
+  ADCSRA |= (1 << ADPS1) | (1 << ADPS0);    /* ADC clock prescaler /8 */
+
+  ADMUX |= (1 << ADLAR);     /* left-adjust result, return only 8 bits */
+
+  ADCSRA |= (1 << ADEN);                                 /* enable ADC */
+  ADCSRA |= (1 << ADATE);                       /* auto-trigger enable */
+  ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC);                     /* start first conversion */
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  initUSART();
+  initFreerunningADC();
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+    transmitByte(ADCH);       /* transmit the high byte, left-adjusted */
+    _delay_ms(SAMPLE_DELAY);
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter08_Hardware-Interrupts/capSense/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 8000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter08_Hardware-Interrupts/capSense/capSense.c

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+   Capacitive touch sensor demo
+*/
+
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include <avr/interrupt.h>
+#include <avr/power.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+#include "USART.h"
+
+#define SENSE_TIME   50
+#define THRESHOLD    12000
+
+// -------  Global Variables ---------- //
+volatile uint16_t chargeCycleCount;
+
+// ------- Functions -------- //
+
+void initPinChangeInterrupt(void) {
+  PCICR |= (1 << PCIE1);    /* enable Pin-change interrupts 1 (bank C) */
+  PCMSK1 |= (1 << PC1);   /* enable specific interrupt for our pin PC1 */
+}
+
+ISR(PCINT1_vect) {
+  chargeCycleCount++;                             /* count this change */
+
+  CAP_SENSOR_DDR |= (1 << CAP_SENSOR);                  /* output mode */
+  _delay_us(1);                                      /* charging delay */
+
+  CAP_SENSOR_DDR &= ~(1 << CAP_SENSOR);                /* set as input */
+  PCIFR |= (1 << PCIF1);             /* clear the pin-change interrupt */
+}
+
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  clock_prescale_set(clock_div_1);                       /* full speed */
+  initUSART();
+  printString("==[ Cap Sensor ]==\r\n\r\n");
+
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;
+  MCUCR |= (1 << PUD);                          /* disable all pullups */
+  CAP_SENSOR_PORT |= (1 << CAP_SENSOR);    /* we can leave output high */
+
+  initPinChangeInterrupt();
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    chargeCycleCount = 0;                             /* reset counter */
+    CAP_SENSOR_DDR |= (1 << CAP_SENSOR);     /* start with cap charged */
+    sei();                            /* start up interrupts, counting */
+    _delay_ms(SENSE_TIME);
+    cli();                                                     /* done */
+    if (chargeCycleCount < THRESHOLD) {
+      LED_PORT = 0xff;
+    }
+    else {
+      LED_PORT = 0;
+    }
+    printWord(chargeCycleCount);                    /* for fine tuning */
+    printString("\r\n");
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter08_Hardware-Interrupts/capSense/serialScope.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import serial
+
+def readValue(serialPort):
+    return(ord(serialPort.read(1)))
+
+def plotValue(value):
+    """ Displays the value on a scaled scrolling bargraph"""
+    leadingSpaces = "-" * int(value*(SCREEN_WIDTH-3) / 255)
+    print(f"{leadingSpaces} {value:03}")
+
+def cheapoScope(serialPort):
+    while(1):
+        newValue = readValue(serialPort)
+        plotValue(newValue)
+        
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    ## list all serial ports being used: python -m serial.tools.list_ports
+    PORT = '/dev/ttyUSB0' # update to whatever port is listed in serial.tools.list_ports
+    BAUDRATE =  9600
+    TIMEOUT = None
+    SCREEN_WIDTH = 80
+
+    ## Take command-line arguments to override defaults above
+    import sys
+    if len(sys.argv) == 3:
+        port = sys.argv[1]
+        baudrate = int(sys.argv[2])
+    else:                        # nothing passed, use defaults 
+        print ("Optional arguments port, baudrate set to defaults.")
+        port, baudrate = (PORT, BAUDRATE)
+        
+    serialPort = serial.Serial(port, baudrate, timeout=TIMEOUT)
+    serialPort.flush()
+    cheapoScope(serialPort)

Make AVR Examples/Chapter08_Hardware-Interrupts/helloInterrupt/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter08_Hardware-Interrupts/helloInterrupt/helloInterrupt.c

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+
+Demo of using interrupts for doing what they do best --
+two things at once.
+
+Flashes LED0 at a fixed rate, interrupting whenever button is pressed.
+
+ */
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include <avr/interrupt.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+ISR(INT0_vect) {         /* Run every time there is a change on button */
+  if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {
+    LED_PORT |= (1 << LED1);
+  }
+  else {
+    LED_PORT &= ~(1 << LED1);
+  }
+}
+
+void initInterrupt0(void) {
+  EIMSK |= (1 << INT0);                                 /* enable INT0 */
+  EICRA |= (1 << ISC00);                /* trigger when button changes */
+  sei();                          /* set (global) interrupt enable bit */
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;                                   /* all LEDs active */
+  BUTTON_PORT |= (1 << BUTTON);                              /* pullup */
+  initInterrupt0();
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    _delay_ms(200);
+    LED_PORT ^= (1 << LED0);
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter08_Hardware-Interrupts/helloPinChangeInterrupt/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter08_Hardware-Interrupts/helloPinChangeInterrupt/helloPinChangeInterrupt.c

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+     /* Demo using pin-change interrupts and in-ISR debouncing routine */
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include <avr/interrupt.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+
+ISR(PCINT2_vect) {              /* Run every time button state changes */
+  if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {
+    LED_PORT |= (1 << LED1);
+  }
+  else {
+    LED_PORT &= ~(1 << LED1);
+  }
+}
+
+void initPinChangeInterrupt18(void) {
+  PCICR |= (1 << PCIE2);        /* set pin-change interrupt for D pins */
+  PCMSK2 |= (1 << PCINT18);      /* set mask to look for PCINT18 / PD2 */
+  sei();                          /* set (global) interrupt enable bit */
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;                                   /* all LEDs active */
+  BUTTON_PORT |= (1 << BUTTON);                              /* pullup */
+  initPinChangeInterrupt18();
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    _delay_ms(200);
+    LED_PORT ^= (1 << LED0);
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/amRadio/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 8000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/amRadio/amRadio.c

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+Plays a simple tune, broadcasts it in the AM radio band.
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+#include <avr/power.h>
+#include <avr/interrupt.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+#include "scale16.h"
+
+#define COUNTER_VALUE   3              /* determines carrier frequency */
+
+// From f = f_cpu / ( 2* N* (1 + OCRnx) )
+// Good values for the AM band from 2 to 6: pick one that's clear
+// Divide by two b/c we're toggling on or off each loop;
+//  a full cycle of the carrier takes two loops.
+// 8Mhz / (2 * 1 * (1+2)) = 1333 kHz
+// 8Mhz / (2 * 1 * (1+3)) = 1000 kHz
+// 8Mhz / (2 * 1 * (1+4)) = 800 kHz
+// 8Mhz / (2 * 1 * (1+5)) = 670 kHz
+// 8Mhz / (2 * 1 * (1+6)) = 570 kHz
+// 8Mhz / (2 * 1 * (1+7)) = 500 kHz
+
+static inline void initTimer0(void) {
+  TCCR0A |= (1 << WGM01);                                  /* CTC mode */
+  TCCR0A |= (1 << COM0B0);            /* Toggles pin each time through */
+  TCCR0B |= (1 << CS00);              /* Clock at CPU frequency, ~8MHz */
+  OCR0A = COUNTER_VALUE;                          /* carrier frequency */
+}
+
+static inline void initTimer1(void) {
+  TCCR1B |= (1 << WGM12);                                  /* CTC mode */
+  TCCR1B |= (1 << CS11);            /* Clock at CPU/8 frequency, ~1MHz */
+  TIMSK1 |= (1 << OCIE1A);          /* enable output compare interrupt */
+}
+
+ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect) {                 /* ISR for audio-rate Timer 1 */
+  ANTENNA_DDR ^= (1 << ANTENNA);          /* toggle carrier on and off */
+}
+
+static inline void transmitBeep(uint16_t pitch, uint16_t duration) {
+  OCR1A = pitch;                               /* set pitch for timer1 */
+  sei();                                         /* turn on interrupts */
+  do {
+    _delay_ms(1);                            /* delay for pitch cycles */
+    duration--;
+  } while (duration > 0);
+  cli();                  /* and disable ISR so that it stops toggling */
+  ANTENNA_DDR |= (1 << ANTENNA);               /* back on full carrier */
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+
+  clock_prescale_set(clock_div_1);                  /* CPU clock 8 MHz */
+  initTimer0();
+  initTimer1();
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    transmitBeep(E3, 200);
+    _delay_ms(100);
+    transmitBeep(E3, 200);
+    _delay_ms(200);
+    transmitBeep(E3, 200);
+    _delay_ms(200);
+    transmitBeep(C3, 200);
+    transmitBeep(E3, 200);
+    _delay_ms(200);
+    transmitBeep(G3, 400);
+    _delay_ms(500);
+    transmitBeep(G2, 400);
+
+    _delay_ms(2500);
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/amRadio/scale16.h

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* Scale in the key of 1/10000 */
+
+/* 
+   These are periods -- if you delay this long, 
+   then toggle the speaker pin, you'll get approximate
+   pitches.  
+
+   This is the 16-bit version.  The pitches get less accurate
+   as they get higher, but not as bad as the 8-bit one.
+   
+   "x" denotes sharp.
+   
+   Can be generated by Python:
+
+   import math
+   scale = ['C', 'Cx', 'D', 'Dx', 'E', 'F', 'Fx', 'G', 'Gx', 'A', 'Ax', 'B']
+   
+   def octave(baseLength):
+       periods = [baseLength / math.exp(x*math.log(2)/12) for x in range(0, 12)]
+       periods = [int(round(x)) for x in periods]
+       return( zip(scale, periods) )
+
+   for i in range(0,4):
+       for note, period in octave(10000 / 2**i):
+           if period < 65500:
+	       noteString = note + str(i)
+	       print "#define  {:<5}{:>6}".format(noteString, period)
+*/
+
+
+#define  C0    10000
+#define  Cx0    9439
+#define  D0     8909
+#define  Dx0    8409
+#define  E0     7937
+#define  F0     7492
+#define  Fx0    7071
+#define  G0     6674
+#define  Gx0    6300
+#define  A0     5946
+#define  Ax0    5612
+#define  B0     5297
+#define  C1     5000
+#define  Cx1    4719
+#define  D1     4454
+#define  Dx1    4204
+#define  E1     3969
+#define  F1     3746
+#define  Fx1    3536
+#define  G1     3337
+#define  Gx1    3150
+#define  A1     2973
+#define  Ax1    2806
+#define  B1     2649
+#define  C2     2500
+#define  Cx2    2360
+#define  D2     2227
+#define  Dx2    2102
+#define  E2     1984
+#define  F2     1873
+#define  Fx2    1768
+#define  G2     1669
+#define  Gx2    1575
+#define  A2     1487
+#define  Ax2    1403
+#define  B2     1324
+#define  C3     1250
+#define  Cx3    1180
+#define  D3     1114
+#define  Dx3    1051
+#define  E3      992
+#define  F3      936
+#define  Fx3     884
+#define  G3      834
+#define  Gx3     787
+#define  A3      743
+#define  Ax3     702
+#define  B3      662

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/reactionTimer/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/reactionTimer/reactionTimer.c

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+   Press the button as quickly as you can after the LEDs light up.
+   Your time is printed out over the serial port.
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include <avr/interrupt.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+#include "USART.h"
+
+#include "support.h"
+
+static inline void initTimer1(void) {
+                               /* Normal mode (default), just counting */
+  TCCR1B |= (1 << CS11) | (1 << CS10);
+  /* Clock speed: 1 MHz / 64,
+     each tick is 64 microseconds ~= 15.6 per ms  */
+                                            /* No special output modes */
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  uint16_t timerValue;
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+
+  initUSART();
+  initTimer1();
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;                               /* all LEDs for output */
+  BUTTON_PORT |= (1 << BUTTON);             /* enable internal pull-up */
+
+  printString("\r\nReaction Timer:\r\n");
+  printString("---------------\r\n");
+  printString("Press any key to start.\r\n");
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    receiveByte();                                    /* press any key */
+    printString("\r\nGet ready...");
+    randomDelay();
+
+    printString("\r\nGo!\r\n");
+    LED_PORT = 0xff;                                     /* light LEDs */
+    TCNT1 = 0;                                        /* reset counter */
+
+    if (bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON)) {
+            /* Button pressed _exactly_ as LEDs light up.  Suspicious. */
+      printString("You're only cheating yourself.\r\n");
+    }
+    else {
+      // Wait until button pressed, save timer value.
+      loop_until_bit_is_clear(BUTTON_PIN, BUTTON);
+      timerValue = TCNT1 >> 4;
+      /* each tick is approx 1/16 milliseconds, so we bit-shift divide */
+
+      printMilliseconds(timerValue);
+      printComments(timerValue);
+    }
+
+    // Clear LEDs and start again.
+    LED_PORT = 0x00;
+    printString("Press any key to try again.\r\n");
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/reactionTimer/support.c

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+
+#include "support.h"
+
+void printMilliseconds(uint16_t value) {
+  /* Given a value in milliseconds, prints out how many seconds
+     you took over the serial port.  Does ascii conversion, prints
+     decimal point, and drops extra leading zeros.
+   */
+  uint8_t digit;
+
+  printString("\r\nYou took ");
+                                               /* add up ten-thousands */
+  digit = 0;
+  while (value >= 10000) {
+    digit++;
+    value -= 10000;
+  }
+  if (digit) {
+    transmitByte('0' + digit);
+  }
+                                                   /* add up thousands */
+  digit = 0;
+  while (value >= 1000) {
+    digit++;
+    value -= 1000;
+  }
+  transmitByte('0' + digit);
+
+                            /* decimal point here b/c dividing by 1000 */
+  transmitByte('.');
+
+                                                    /* add up hundreds */
+  digit = 0;
+  while (value >= 100) {
+    digit++;
+    value -= 100;
+  }
+  transmitByte('0' + digit);
+                                                        /* add up tens */
+  digit = 0;
+  while (value >= 10) {
+    digit++;
+    value -= 10;
+  }
+  transmitByte('0' + digit);
+
+  // Ones digit is easy.
+  transmitByte('0' + value);
+
+  printString(" seconds.\r\n");
+}
+
+void printComments(uint16_t value) {
+            /* Given a value in milliseconds, rates your reaction time */
+  if (value > 2000) {
+    printString("---->  Ummm...this is a reaction timer...\r\n");
+  }
+  else if (value > 1000) {
+    printString("---->  Hello?\r\n");
+  }
+  else if (value > 500) {
+    printString("---->  Slow.\r\n");
+  }
+  else if (value > 250) {
+    printString("---->  Have another cup of coffee.\r\n");
+  }
+  else if (value > 200) {
+    printString("---->  Respectable.\r\n");
+  }
+  else if (value >= 150) {
+    printString("---->  Fast.\r\n");
+  }
+  else if (value < 150) {
+    printString("---->  Amazing!\r\n");
+  }
+}
+
+void randomDelay(void) {
+                        /* Waits for a "random" delay from 1 - 3.5 sec */
+                           /* Requires timer 1 initialized and running */
+  /* It's not really random, but very hard to control --
+     like coin-flipping. */
+  uint8_t randomTime;
+
+  _delay_ms(1000);                              /* wait at least 1 sec */
+  randomTime = (uint8_t) TCNT1;
+  /* type-casting the 16-bit TCNT1 as an 8-bit number keeps
+     only the 8 least-significant (fastest-changing) bits  */
+  while (--randomTime) {
+    _delay_ms(10);                      /* max value is 255 ~= 2.5 sec */
+  }
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/reactionTimer/support.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+  /* Support functions that otherwise make the main code more readable */
+
+                                                           /* Includes */
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include "USART.h"
+
+                                   /* Function Prototypes in support.c */
+
+void printMilliseconds(uint16_t value);
+  /* Given a value in milliseconds, prints out how many seconds
+     you took over the serial port.  Does ascii conversion, prints
+     decimal point, and drops extra leading zeros.
+   */
+
+void printComments(uint16_t value);
+            /* Given a value in milliseconds, rates your reaction time */
+
+void randomDelay(void);
+                        /* Waits for a "random" delay from 1 - 3.5 sec */
+                           /* Requires timer 1 initialized and running */
+  /* It's not really random, but very hard to control
+     like coin-flipping. */

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/timerAudio/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/timerAudio/scale8.h

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+                                          /* Scale in the key of 1/200 */
+
+/*
+   These are periods -- if you delay this long,
+   then toggle the speaker pin, you'll get approximate
+   pitches.
+
+   This is the 8-bit version.  The pitches get less accurate
+   as they get higher.
+
+*/
+
+#define Gx0 252
+#define A0  238
+#define Ax0 224
+#define B0  212
+#define C1  200
+#define Cx0 189
+#define D1  178
+#define Dx0 168
+#define E1  159
+#define F1  150
+#define Fx1 141
+#define G1  133
+#define Gx1 126
+#define A1  119
+#define Ax1 112
+#define B1  106
+#define C2  100
+#define Cx2 94
+#define D2  89
+#define Dx2 84
+#define E2  79
+#define F2  75
+#define Fx2 71
+#define G2  67
+#define Gx2 63
+#define A2  59
+#define Ax2 56
+#define B2  53
+#define C3  50
+#define Cx3 47
+#define D3  44
+#define Dx3 42
+#define E3  40
+#define F3  37
+#define Fx3 35
+#define G3  33

Make AVR Examples/Chapter09_Introduction-to-Timer-Counter-Hardware/timerAudio/timerAudio.c

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+
+Quick audio demo using Timer 0 to generate audio frequencies directly.
+
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+#include "scale8.h"                                     /* 8-bit scale */
+
+static inline void initTimer(void) {
+  TCCR0A |= (1 << WGM01);                                  /* CTC mode */
+  TCCR0A |= (1 << COM0A0);           /* Toggles pin each cycle through */
+  TCCR0B |= (1 << CS00) | (1 << CS01);               /* CPU clock / 64 */
+}
+
+static inline void playNote(uint8_t period, uint16_t duration) {
+
+  TCNT0 = 0;                                      /* reset the counter */
+  OCR0A = period;                                     /* set pitch */
+  SPEAKER_DDR |= (1 << SPEAKER);           /* enable output on speaker */
+
+  while (duration) {                                 /* Variable delay */
+    _delay_ms(1);
+    duration--;
+  }
+  SPEAKER_DDR &= ~(1 << SPEAKER);                  /* turn speaker off */
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+  initTimer();
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+                                                    /* Play some notes */
+    playNote(C2, 200);
+    playNote(E2, 200);
+    playNote(G2, 200);
+    playNote(C3, 400);
+
+    _delay_ms(1000);
+    _delay_ms(1000);
+    _delay_ms(1000);
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/bruteForcePWM/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/bruteForcePWM/pwm.c

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Quick and dirty PWM Demo
+ */
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+#define LED_DELAY 2
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  uint8_t brightness = 0;
+  int8_t direction = 1;
+  uint8_t i;
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;                                     /* Init all LEDs */
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    // PWM
+    for (i = 0; i < 255; i++) {
+      if (i < brightness) {
+        LED_PORT = 0xff;                                    /* turn on */
+      }
+      else {
+        LED_PORT = 0;                                      /* turn off */
+      }
+      _delay_us(LED_DELAY);
+    }
+
+    // Brighten and dim
+    if (brightness == 0) {
+      direction = 1;
+    }
+    if (brightness == 255) {
+      direction = -1;
+    }
+    brightness += direction;
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/pwm/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/pwm/pinDefines.h

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// ---------------
+//   Pin Defines
+// ---------------
+
+#define LED_PORT                PORTB
+#define LED_PIN                 PINB
+#define LED_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define LED0                    PB0
+#define LED1                    PB1
+#define LED2                    PB2
+#define LED3                    PB3
+#define LED4                    PB4
+#define LED5                    PB5
+#define LED6                    PB6
+#define LED7                    PB7
+
+#define BUTTON                  PD2
+#define BUTTON_PORT             PORTD
+#define BUTTON_PIN              PIND
+#define BUTTON_DDR              DDRD
+
+#define BUTTON2                 PD3
+#define BUTTON_PORT             PORTD
+#define BUTTON_PIN              PIND
+#define BUTTON_DDR              DDRD
+
+#define BUTTON3                 PD4
+#define BUTTON_PORT             PORTD
+#define BUTTON_PIN              PIND
+#define BUTTON_DDR              DDRD
+
+#define SPEAKER                 PD6                            /* OC0A */
+#define SPEAKER_PORT            PORTD
+#define SPEAKER_PIN             PIND
+#define SPEAKER_DDR             DDRD
+
+#define ANTENNA                 PD5                            /* OC0B */
+#define ANTENNA_PORT            PORTD
+#define ANTENNA_PIN             PIND
+#define ANTENNA_DDR             DDRD
+
+#define MODULATION              PD3                            /* OC2B */
+#define MODULATION_PORT         PORTD
+#define MODULATION_PIN          PIND
+#define MODULATION_DDR          DDRD
+
+#define LIGHT_SENSOR            PC0                            /* ADC0 */
+#define LIGHT_SENSOR_PORT       PORTC
+#define LIGHT_SENSOR_PIN        PINC
+#define LIGHT_SENSOR_DDR        DDRC
+
+#define CAP_SENSOR              PC1                            /* ADC1 */
+#define CAP_SENSOR_PORT         PORTC
+#define CAP_SENSOR_PIN          PINC
+#define CAP_SENSOR_DDR          DDRC
+
+#define PIEZO                   PC2                            /* ADC2 */
+#define PIEZO_PORT              PORTC
+#define PIEZO_PIN               PINC
+#define PIEZO_DDR               DDRC
+
+//  SPI and I2C serial mode defines
+
+#define SPI_SS                     PB2
+#define SPI_SS_PORT                PORTB
+#define SPI_SS_PIN                 PINB
+#define SPI_SS_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define SPI_MOSI                     PB3
+#define SPI_MOSI_PORT                PORTB
+#define SPI_MOSI_PIN                 PINB
+#define SPI_MOSI_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define SPI_MISO                     PB4
+#define SPI_MISO_PORT                PORTB
+#define SPI_MISO_PIN                 PINB
+#define SPI_MISO_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define SPI_SCK                     PB5
+#define SPI_SCK_PORT                PORTB
+#define SPI_SCK_PIN                 PINB
+#define SPI_SCK_DDR                 DDRB
+
+#define I2C_SDA                     PC4
+#define I2C_SDA_PORT                PORTC
+#define I2C_SDA_PIN                 PINC
+#define I2C_SDA_DDR                 DDRC
+
+#define I2C_SCL                     PC5
+#define I2C_SCL_PORT                PORTC
+#define I2C_SCL_PIN                 PINC
+#define I2C_SCL_DDR                 DDRC

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/pwm/pwm.c

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+                                           /* Quick and dirty PWM Demo */
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+#define LED_DELAY  20                                  /* microseconds */
+
+void pwmAllPins(uint8_t brightness) {
+  uint8_t i;
+  LED_PORT = 0xff;                                          /* turn on */
+  for (i = 0; i < 255; i++) {
+    if (i >= brightness) {            /* once it's been on long enough */
+      LED_PORT = 0;                                        /* turn off */
+    }
+    _delay_us(LED_DELAY);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  uint8_t brightness = 0;
+  int8_t direction = 1;
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+
+  // Init all LEDs
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+    // Brighten and dim
+    if (brightness == 0) {
+      direction = 1;
+    }
+    if (brightness == 255) {
+      direction = -1;
+    }
+    brightness += direction;
+    pwmAllPins(brightness);
+
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/pwmOnAnyPin/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/pwmOnAnyPin/pwmOnAnyPin.c

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Quick and dirty demo of how to get PWM on any pin with interrupts
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>
+#include <util/delay.h>
+#include <avr/interrupt.h>
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+#define DELAY 3
+
+volatile uint8_t brightnessA;
+volatile uint8_t brightnessB;
+
+// -------- Functions --------- //
+static inline void initTimer0(void) {
+                                 /* must be /64 or more for ISR timing */
+  TCCR0B |= (1 << CS01) | (1 << CS00);
+                                     /* both output compare interrupts */
+  TIMSK0 |= ((1 << OCIE0A) | (1 << OCIE1B));
+  TIMSK0 |= (1 << TOIE0);                 /* overflow interrupt enable */
+  sei();
+}
+
+ISR(TIMER0_OVF_vect) {
+  LED_PORT = 0xff;
+  OCR0A = brightnessA;
+  OCR0B = brightnessB;
+}
+ISR(TIMER0_COMPA_vect) {
+  LED_PORT &= 0b11110000;                    /* turn off low four LEDs */
+}
+ISR(TIMER0_COMPB_vect) {
+  LED_PORT &= 0b00001111;                   /* turn off high four LEDs */
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+
+  uint8_t i;
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;
+  initTimer0();
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 255; i++) {
+      _delay_ms(DELAY);
+      brightnessA = i;
+      brightnessB = 255 - i;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 254; i > 0; i--) {
+      _delay_ms(DELAY);
+      brightnessA = i;
+      brightnessB = 255 - i;
+    }
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/pwmTimers/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/pwmTimers/pwmTimers.c

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+                       /* PWM Demo with serial control over three LEDs */
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+#include "USART.h"
+
+static inline void initTimers(void) {
+  // Timer 1 A,B
+  TCCR1A |= (1 << WGM10);                      /* Fast PWM mode, 8-bit */
+  TCCR1B |= (1 << WGM12);                       /* Fast PWM mode, pt.2 */
+  TCCR1B |= (1 << CS11);                     /* PWM Freq = F_CPU/8/256 */
+  TCCR1A |= (1 << COM1A1);                      /* PWM output on OCR1A */
+  TCCR1A |= (1 << COM1B1);                      /* PWM output on OCR1B */
+
+  // Timer 2
+  TCCR2A |= (1 << WGM20);                             /* Fast PWM mode */
+  TCCR2A |= (1 << WGM21);                       /* Fast PWM mode, pt.2 */
+  TCCR2B |= (1 << CS21);                     /* PWM Freq = F_CPU/8/256 */
+  TCCR2A |= (1 << COM2A1);                      /* PWM output on OCR2A */
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  uint8_t brightness;
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+
+  initTimers();
+  initUSART();
+  printString("-- LED PWM Demo --\r\n");
+
+               /* enable output on LED pins, triggered by PWM hardware */
+  LED_DDR |= (1 << LED1);
+  LED_DDR |= (1 << LED2);
+  LED_DDR |= (1 << LED3);
+
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    printString("\r\nEnter (0-255) for PWM duty cycle: ");
+    brightness = getNumber();
+    OCR2A = OCR1B;
+    OCR1B = OCR1A;
+    OCR1A = brightness;
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/pwm_cross-fading_cylons/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 1000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses

Make AVR Examples/Chapter10_Pulse-Width-Modulation/pwm_cross-fading_cylons/cross-fading_cylons.c

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+
+Cross-fading Cylon Eyes
+A PWM demo
+
+*/
+
+// ------- Preamble -------- //
+#include <avr/io.h>                        /* Defines pins, ports, etc */
+#include <util/delay.h>                     /* Functions to waste time */
+#include "pinDefines.h"
+
+
+int main(void) {
+
+  uint8_t thisEye = 0;
+  uint8_t nextEye = 1;
+  uint8_t brightness = 0;
+  int8_t direction = 1;
+  uint8_t i;
+
+  // -------- Inits --------- //
+
+  // Init all LEDs
+  LED_DDR = 0xff;
+  SPEAKER_DDR |= (1 << SPEAKER);
+  // ------ Event loop ------ //
+  while (1) {
+
+    // PWM
+    for (brightness = 0; brightness < 255; brightness++) {
+      for (i = 0; i < 255; i++) {
+        if (i < brightness) {
+          LED_PORT &= ~(1 << thisEye);                     /* dimming */
+          LED_PORT |= (1 << nextEye);              /* getting brighter */
+        }
+        else {
+          LED_PORT |= (1 << thisEye);
+          LED_PORT &= ~(1 << nextEye);
+        }
+        LED_PORT &= ~(1 << thisEye);            /* make sure it's off */
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Cylon Scan
+    thisEye += direction;                       /* move on to next eye */
+
+    if (thisEye == 0) {
+      direction = 1;
+    }
+    if (thisEye == 7) {
+      direction = -1;
+    }
+
+    nextEye = thisEye + direction;
+
+
+  }                                                  /* End event loop */
+  return 0;                            /* This line is never reached */
+}

Make AVR Examples/Chapter11_Driving-Servo-Motors/servoSundial/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Project-specific Details                ##########
+##########    Check these every time you start a new project    ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+MCU   = atmega168p
+F_CPU = 8000000UL  
+BAUD  = 9600UL
+## Also try BAUD = 19200 or 38400 if you're feeling lucky.
+
+## A directory for common include files and the simple USART library.
+## If you move either the current folder or the Library folder, you'll 
+##  need to change this path to match.
+LIBDIR = ../../AVR-Programming-Library
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                 Programmer Defaults                  ##########
+##########          Set up once, then forget about it           ##########
+##########        (Can override.  See bottom of file.)          ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+# extra arguments to avrdude: baud rate, chip type, -F flag, etc.
+PROGRAMMER_ARGS = 	
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                  Program Locations                   ##########
+##########     Won't need to change if they're in your PATH     ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+CC = avr-gcc
+OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
+OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
+AVRSIZE = avr-size
+AVRDUDE = avrdude
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########                   Makefile Magic!                    ##########
+##########         Summary:                                     ##########
+##########             We want a .hex file                      ##########
+##########        Compile source files into .elf                ##########
+##########        Convert .elf file into .hex                   ##########
+##########        You shouldn't need to edit below.             ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## The name of your project (without the .c)
+# TARGET = blinkLED
+## Or name it automatically after the enclosing directory
+TARGET = $(lastword $(subst /, ,$(CURDIR)))
+
+# Object files: will find all .c/.h files in current directory
+#  and in LIBDIR.  If you have any other (sub-)directories with code,
+#  you can add them in to SOURCES below in the wildcard statement.
+SOURCES=$(wildcard *.c $(LIBDIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o)
+HEADERS=$(SOURCES:.c=.h)
+
+## Compilation options, type man avr-gcc if you're curious.
+CPPFLAGS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU) -DBAUD=$(BAUD) -I. -I$(LIBDIR)
+CFLAGS = -Os -g -std=gnu99 -Wall
+## Use short (8-bit) data types 
+CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums 
+## Splits up object files per function
+CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections 
+LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map,$(TARGET).map 
+## Optional, but often ends up with smaller code
+LDFLAGS += -Wl,--gc-sections 
+## Relax shrinks code even more, but makes disassembly messy
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,--relax
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm  ## for floating-point printf
+## LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min      ## for smaller printf
+TARGET_ARCH = -mmcu=$(MCU)
+
+## Explicit pattern rules:
+##  To make .o files from .c files 
+%.o: %.c $(HEADERS) Makefile
+	 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c -o $@ $<;
+
+$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	 $(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@
+
+%.eeprom: %.elf
+	$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O ihex $< $@ 
+
+%.lst: %.elf
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $< > $@
+
+## These targets don't have files named after them
+.PHONY: all disassemble disasm eeprom size clean squeaky_clean flash fuses
+
+all: $(TARGET).hex 
+
+debug:
+	@echo
+	@echo "Source files:"   $(SOURCES)
+	@echo "MCU, F_CPU, BAUD:"  $(MCU), $(F_CPU), $(BAUD)
+	@echo	
+
+# Optionally create listing file from .elf
+# This creates approximate assembly-language equivalent of your code.
+# Useful for debugging time-sensitive bits, 
+# or making sure the compiler does what you want.
+disassemble: $(TARGET).lst
+
+disasm: disassemble
+
+# Optionally show how big the resulting program is 
+size:  $(TARGET).elf
+	$(AVRSIZE) -C --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).obj \
+	$(TARGET).o $(TARGET).d $(TARGET).eep $(TARGET).lst \
+	$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym $(TARGET).map $(TARGET)~ \
+	$(TARGET).eeprom
+
+squeaky_clean:
+	rm -f *.elf *.hex *.obj *.o *.d *.eep *.lst *.lss *.sym *.map *~ *.eeprom
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########              Programmer-specific details             ##########
+##########           Flashing code to AVR using avrdude         ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+flash: $(TARGET).hex 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U flash:w:$<
+
+## An alias
+program: flash
+
+flash_eeprom: $(TARGET).eeprom
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -U eeprom:w:$<
+
+avrdude_terminal:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nt
+
+## If you've got multiple programmers that you use, 
+## you can define them here so that it's easy to switch.
+## To invoke, use something like `make flash_arduinoISP`
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbtiny
+flash_usbtiny: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBTiny works with no further arguments
+flash_usbtiny: flash
+
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = usbasp
+flash_usbasp: PROGRAMMER_ARGS =  # USBasp works with no further arguments
+flash_usbasp: flash
+
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avrisp
+flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 
+## (for windows) flash_arduinoISP: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 19200 -P com5
+flash_arduinoISP: flash
+
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_TYPE = avr109
+flash_109: PROGRAMMER_ARGS = -b 9600 -P /dev/ttyUSB0
+flash_109: flash
+
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+##########       Fuse settings and suitable defaults            ##########
+##########------------------------------------------------------##########
+
+## Mega 48, 88, 168, 328 default values
+LFUSE = 0x62
+HFUSE = 0xdf
+EFUSE = 0x00
+
+## Generic 
+FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+
+fuses: 
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) \
+	           $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) $(FUSE_STRING)
+show_fuses:
+	$(AVRDUDE) -c $(PROGRAMMER_TYPE) -p $(MCU) $(PROGRAMMER_ARGS) -nv	
+
+## Called with no extra definitions, sets to defaults
+set_default_fuses:  FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m -U efuse:w:$(EFUSE):m 
+set_default_fuses:  fuses
+
+## Set the fuse byte for full-speed mode
+## Note: can also be set in firmware for modern chips
+set_fast_fuse: LFUSE = 0xE2
+set_fast_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U lfuse:w:$(LFUSE):m 
+set_fast_fuse: fuses
+
+## Set the EESAVE fuse byte to preserve EEPROM across flashes
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: HFUSE = 0xD7
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+set_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses
+
+## Clear the EESAVE fuse byte
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: FUSE_STRING = -U hfuse:w:$(HFUSE):m
+clear_eeprom_save_fuse: fuses